前言
关于python版本,我一开始看很多资料说python2比较好,因为很多库还不支持3,但是使用到现在为止觉得还是pythin3比较好用,因为编码什么的问题,觉得2还是没有3方便。而且在网上找到的2中的一些资料稍微改一下也还是可以用。
好了,开始说爬百度百科的事。
这里设定的需求是爬取北京地区n个景点的全部信息,n个景点的名称是在文件中给出的。没有用到api,只是单纯的爬网页信息。
1、根据关键字获取url
由于只需要爬取信息,而且不涉及交互,可以使用简单的方法而不需要模拟浏览器。
可以直接
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<strong>http: / / baike.baidu.com / search / word?word = "guanjianci" < / strong>
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<strong> for < / strong>l <strong> in < / strong>view_names:
<strong> '''http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=''' < / strong><em> # 得到url的方法
< / em><em> < / em>name = urllib.parse.quote(l)
name.encode(<strong> 'utf-8' < / strong>)
url = <strong> 'http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=' < / strong> + name
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这里要注意关键词是中午所以要注意编码问题,由于url中不能出现空格,所以需要用quote
函数处理一下。
关于quote():
在 Python2.x 中的用法是:urllib.quote(text)
。Python3.x 中是urllib.parse.quote(text)
。按照标准,URL只允许一部分ASCII 字符(数字字母和部分符号),其他的字符(如汉字)是不符合URL标准的。所以URL中使用其他字符就需要进行URL编码。URL中传参数的部分(query String),格式是:name1=value1&name2=value2&name3=value3
。假如你的name或者value值中的『&』或者『=』等符号,就当然会有问题。所以URL中的参数字符串也需要把『&=』等符号进行编码。URL编码的方式是把需要编码的字符转化为%xx的形式。通常URL编码是基于UTF-8的(当然这和浏览器平台有关)
例子:
比如『我,unicode 为 0x6211,UTF-8编码为0xE60x880x91,URL编码就是 %E6%88%91。
Python的urllib库中提供了quote
和quote_plus
两种方法。这两种方法的编码范围不同。不过不用深究,这里用quote
就够了。
2、下载url
用urllib库轻松实现,见下面的代码中def download(self,url)
3、利用Beautifulsoup获取html
4、数据分析
百科中的内容是并列的段,所以在爬的时候不能自然的按段逻辑存储(因为全都是并列的)。所以必须用正则的方法。
基本的想法就是把整个html文件看做是str,然后用正则的方法截取想要的内容,在重新把这段内容转换成beautifulsoup
对象,然后在进一步处理。
可能要花些时间看一下正则。
代码中还有很多细节,忘了再查吧只能,下次绝对应该边做编写文档,或者做完马上写。。。
贴代码!
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# coding:utf-8
'''
function:爬取百度百科所有北京景点,
author:yi
'''
import urllib.request
from urllib.request import urlopen
from urllib.error import HTTPError
import urllib.parse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
import codecs
import json
class BaikeCraw( object ):
def __init__( self ):
self .urls = set ()
self .view_datas = {}
def craw( self ,filename):
urls = self .getUrls(filename)
if urls = = None :
print ( "not found" )
else :
for urll in urls:
print (urll)
try :
html_count = self .download(urll)
self .passer(urll, html_count)
except :
print ( "view do not exist" )
'''file=self.view_datas["view_name"]
self.craw_pic(urll,file,html_count)
print(file)'''
def getUrls ( self , filename):
new_urls = set ()
file_object = codecs. open (filename, encoding = 'utf-16' , )
try :
all_text = file_object.read()
except :
print ( "文件打开异常!" )
file_object.close()
file_object.close()
view_names = all_text.split( " " )
for l in view_names:
if '?' in l:
view_names.remove(l)
for l in view_names:
'''http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=''' # 得到url的方法
name = urllib.parse.quote(l)
name.encode( 'utf-8' )
url = 'http://baike.baidu.com/search/word?word=' + name
new_urls.add(url)
print (new_urls)
return new_urls
def manger( self ):
pass
def passer( self ,urll,html_count):
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_count, 'html.parser' , from_encoding = 'utf_8' )
self ._get_new_data(urll, soup)
return
def download( self ,url):
if url is None :
return None
response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
if response.getcode() ! = 200 :
return None
return response.read()
def _get_new_data( self , url, soup): ##得到数据
if soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "main-content" ).find( 'h1' ) is not None :
self .view_datas[ "view_name" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "main-content" ).find( 'h1' ).get_text() #景点名
print ( self .view_datas[ "view_name" ])
else :
self .view_datas[ "view_name" ] = soup.find( "div" , class_ = "feature_poster" ).find( "h1" ).get_text()
self .view_datas[ "view_message" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "lemma-summary" ).get_text() #简介
self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "basic-info cmn-clearfix" ).get_text() #基本信息
self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ].split( "\n" )
get = []
for line in self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ]:
if line ! = "":
get.append(line)
self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = get
i = 1
get2 = []
tmp = "%%"
for line in self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ]:
if i % 2 = = 1 :
tmp = line
else :
a = tmp + ":" + line
get2.append(a)
i = i + 1
self .view_datas[ "basic_message" ] = get2
self .view_datas[ "catalog" ] = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = "lemma-catalog" ).get_text().split( "\n" ) #目录整体
get = []
for line in self .view_datas[ "catalog" ]:
if line ! = "":
get.append(line)
self .view_datas[ "catalog" ] = get
#########################百科内容
view_name = self .view_datas[ "view_name" ]
html = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
soup2 = BeautifulSoup(html.read(), 'html.parser' ).decode( 'utf-8' )
p = re. compile (r'', re.DOTALL) # 尾
r = p.search(content_data_node)
content_data = content_data_node[ 0 :r.span( 0 )[ 0 ]]
lists = content_data.split('')
i = 1
for list in lists: #每一大块
final_soup = BeautifulSoup( list , "html.parser" )
name_list = None
try :
part_name = final_soup.find( 'h2' , class_ = "title-text" ).get_text().replace(view_name, '').strip()
part_data = final_soup.get_text().replace(view_name, ' ').replace(part_name, ' ').replace(' 编辑 ', ' ') # 历史沿革
name_list = final_soup.findAll( 'h3' , class_ = "title-text" )
all_name_list = {}
na = "part_name" + str (i)
all_name_list[na] = part_name
final_name_list = [] ###########
for nlist in name_list:
nlist = nlist.get_text().replace(view_name, '').strip()
final_name_list.append(nlist)
fin = "final_name_list" + str (i)
all_name_list[fin] = final_name_list
print (all_name_list)
i = i + 1
#正文
try :
p = re. compile (r'', re.DOTALL)
final_soup = final_soup.decode( 'utf-8' )
r = p.search(final_soup)
final_part_data = final_soup[r.span( 0 )[ 0 ]:]
part_lists = final_part_data.split('')
for part_list in part_lists:
final_part_soup = BeautifulSoup(part_list, "html.parser" )
content_lists = final_part_soup.findAll( "div" , class_ = "para" )
for content_list in content_lists: # 每个最小段
try :
pic_word = content_list.find( "div" ,
try :
pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, ' ').replace(pic_word2, ' ')
except :
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, '')
except :
try :
pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word2, '')
except :
content_list = content_list.get_text()
r_part = re. compile (r '\[\d.\]|\[\d\]' )
part_result, number = re.subn(r_part, "", content_list)
part_result = "".join(part_result.split())
#print(part_result)
except :
final_part_soup = BeautifulSoup( list , "html.parser" )
content_lists = final_part_soup.findAll( "div" , class_ = "para" )
for content_list in content_lists:
try :
pic_word = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "lemma-picture text-pic layout-right" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述
try :
pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, ' ').replace(pic_word2, ' ')
except :
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word, '')
except :
try :
pic_word2 = content_list.find( "div" , class_ = "description" ).get_text() # 去掉文字中的图片描述
content_list = content_list.get_text().replace(pic_word2, '')
except :
content_list = content_list.get_text()
r_part = re. compile (r '\[\d.\]|\[\d\]' )
part_result, number = re.subn(r_part, "", content_list)
part_result = "".join(part_result.split())
#print(part_result)
except :
print ( "error" )
return
def output( self ,filename):
json_data = json.dumps( self .view_datas, ensure_ascii = False , indent = 2 )
fout = codecs. open (filename + '.json' , 'a' , encoding = 'utf-16' , )
fout.write( json_data)
# print(json_data)
return
def craw_pic( self ,url,filename,html_count):
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_count, 'html.parser' , from_encoding = 'utf_8' )
node_pic = soup.find( 'div' , class_ = 'banner' ).find( "a" , href = re. compile ( "/photo/poi/....\." ))
if node_pic is None :
return None
else :
part_url_pic = node_pic[ 'href' ]
full_url_pic = urllib.parse.urljoin(url,part_url_pic)
#print(full_url_pic)
try :
html_pic = urlopen(full_url_pic)
except HTTPError as e:
return None
soup_pic = BeautifulSoup(html_pic.read())
pic_node = soup_pic.find( 'div' , class_ = "album-list" )
print (pic_node)
return
if __name__ = = "__main__" :
spider = BaikeCraw()
filename = "D:\PyCharm\\view_spider\\view_points_part.txt"
spider.craw(filename)
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总结
用python3根据关键词爬取百度百科的内容到这就基本结束了,希望这篇文章能对大家学习python有所帮助。