一、参数和共享引用:
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In [ 56 ]: def changer(a,b):
....: a = 2
....: b[ 0 ] = 'spam'
....:
In [ 57 ]: X = 1
In [ 59 ]: L = [ 1 , 2 ]
In [ 60 ]: changer(X,L)
In [ 61 ]: X,L
Out[ 61 ]: ( 1 , [ 'spam' , 2 ])
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函数参数是赋值得来,在调用时通过变量实现共享对象,函数中对可变对象 参数的在远处修能够影响调用者。
避免可变参数修改:
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In [ 67 ]: X = 1
In [ 68 ]: a = X
In [ 69 ]: a = 2
In [ 70 ]: print (X)
1
In [ 71 ]: L = [ 1 , 2 ]
In [ 72 ]: b = L
In [ 73 ]: b[ 0 ] = 'spam'
In [ 74 ]: print (L)
[ 'spam' , 2 ]
In [ 75 ]: changer(X,L[:])
#不想要函数内部在原处的修改影响传递给它的对象,可以创建一个对象的拷贝
In [ 77 ]: changer(a,b)
In [ 78 ]: def changer(a,b):
....: b = b[:]
#如果不想改变传入对象,无论函数怎么调用,同样可以在函数内部进行拷贝。
....:
In [ 79 ]: a = 2
In [ 80 ]: b[ 0 ] = 'spam'
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二、特定参数匹配模型:
函数匹配语法:
例子:
关键字参数:
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In [ 2 ]: def f(a,b,c): print (a,b,c)
In [ 3 ]: f( 1 , 2 , 3 ) #位置参数调用
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
In [ 4 ]: f(c = 3 ,b = 2 ,a = 1 ) #关键字参数调用
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
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默认参数:
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In [ 5 ]: def f(a,b = 2 ,c = 3 ): print (a,b,c)
In [ 6 ]: f( 1 ) #给a赋值,b,c使用默认赋值
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
In [ 7 ]: f(a = 1 )
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
In [ 8 ]: f( 1 , 4 )
( 1 , 4 , 3 )
In [ 9 ]: f( 1 , 4 , 5 ) #不适用默认值
( 1 , 4 , 5 )
In [ 10 ]: f( 1 ,c = 6 ) #a通过位置得到1,b使用默认值,c通过关键字得到6
( 1 , 2 , 6 )
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三、任意参数:
1、收集参数:
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#*和**出现在函数定义或函数调用中。
In [ 11 ]: def f( * args): print (args)
In [ 12 ]: f() #将所有位置相关的参数收集到一个新的元祖中
()
In [ 13 ]: f( 1 )
( 1 ,)
In [ 14 ]: f( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 15 ]: def f( * * args): print (args)
In [ 16 ]: f()
{}
In [ 17 ]: f(a = 1 ,b = 2 ) #**只对关键字参数有效
{ 'a' : 1 , 'b' : 2 }
In [ 19 ]: def f(a, * pargs, * * kargs): print (a,pargs,kargs)
In [ 20 ]: f( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,x = 1 ,y = 2 ,z = 3 )
( 1 , ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ), { 'y' : 2 , 'x' : 1 , 'z' : 3 })
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2、解包参数:
注意:不要混淆函数头部或函数调用时*/**的语法:在头部意味着收集任意数量的参数,而在调用时,它接驳任意数量的参数。
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In [ 21 ]: def func(a,b,c,d): print (a,b,c,d)
In [ 22 ]: args = ( 1 , 2 )
In [ 23 ]: args + = ( 3 , 4 )
In [ 24 ]: func( * args)
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 25 ]: args = { 'a' : 1 , 'b' : 2 , 'c' : 3 }
In [ 26 ]: args[ 'd' ] = 4
In [ 27 ]: func( * * args)
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 28 ]: func( * ( 1 , 2 ), * * { 'd' : 4 , 'c' : 4 })
( 1 , 2 , 4 , 4 )
In [ 30 ]: func( 1 , * ( 2 , 3 ), * * { 'd' : 4 })
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 31 ]: func( 1 ,c = 3 , * ( 2 ,), * * { 'd' : 4 })
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 32 ]: func( 1 , * ( 2 , 3 ,),d = 4 )
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
In [ 33 ]: func( 1 , * ( 2 ,),c = 3 , * * { 'd' : 4 })
( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 )
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3、应用函数通用性:
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In [ 34 ]: def tracer(func, * pargs, * * kargs):
....: print ( 'calling:' ,func.__name__)
....: return func( * pargs, * * kargs)
....:
In [ 35 ]: def func(a,b,c,d):
....: return a + b + c + d
....: print (tracer(func, 1 , 2 ,c = 3 ,d = 4 ))
....:
( 'calling:' , 'func' )
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4、python3.X中废弃apply内置函数
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In [ 36 ]: pargs = ( 1 , 2 )
In [ 37 ]: kargs = { 'a' : 3 , 'b' : 4 }
In [ 41 ]: def echo( * args, * * kargs): print (args,kargs)
In [ 42 ]: apply (echo,pargs,kargs)
(( 1 , 2 ), { 'a' : 3 , 'b' : 4 })
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运用解包调用语法,替换:
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In [ 43 ]: echo( * pargs, * * kargs)
(( 1 , 2 ), { 'a' : 3 , 'b' : 4 })
In [ 44 ]: echo( 0 ,c = 5 , * pargs, * * kargs)
(( 0 , 1 , 2 ), { 'a' : 3 , 'c' : 5 , 'b' : 4 })
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四、python3.x中Keyword-only参数
python3.x把函数头部的排序规则通用化了,允许我们指定keyword-only参数,即按照关键字传递并且不会由一个位置参数来填充的参数;参数*args之后,必须调用关键字语法来传递。
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In [ 1 ]: def kwonly(a, * b,c):
...: print (a,b,c)
In [ 2 ]: kwonly( 1 , 2 ,c = 3 )
1 ( 2 ,) 3
In [ 3 ]: kwonly(a = 1 ,c = 3 )
1 () 3
In [ 4 ]: kwonly( 1 , 2 , 3 ) #c必须按照关键字传递
TypeError: kwonly() missing 1 required keyword - only argument: 'c'
In [ 6 ]: def kwonly(a, * ,b,c): print (a,b,c)
In [ 7 ]: kwonly( 1 ,c = 3 ,b = 2 )
1 2 3
In [ 8 ]: kwonly(c = 3 ,b = 2 ,a = 1 )
1 2 3
In [ 9 ]: kwonly( 1 , 2 , 3 )
TypeError: kwonly() takes 1 positional argument but 3 were given
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1、排序规则:
**不能独自出现在参数中,如下都是错误用法:
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In [ 11 ]: def kwonly(a, * * pargs,b,c):
....:
File "<ipython-input-11-177c37879903>" , line 1
def kwonly(a, * * pargs,b,c): ^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [ 13 ]: def kwonly(a, * * ,b,c):
....:
File "<ipython-input-13-46041ada2700>" , line 1
def kwonly(a, * * ,b,c):
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
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也就是说一个函数头部,keyword-only参数必须编写在*args任意关键字形式之前,或者出现在args之前或者之后,并且可能包含在**args中。
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In [ 14 ]: def f(a, * b, * * d,c = 6 ): print (a,b,c,d)
File "<ipython-input-14-43c901fce151>" , line 1
def f(a, * b, * * d,c = 6 ): print (a,b,c,d)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [ 15 ]: def f(a, * b,c = 6 , * * d): print (a,b,c,d) #keyword-only在*args之后,**args之前
In [ 16 ]: f( 1 , 2 , 3 ,x = 4 ,y = 5 )
1 ( 2 , 3 ) 6 { 'x' : 4 , 'y' : 5 }
In [ 20 ]: f( 1 ,c = 7 , * ( 2 , 3 ), * * dict (x = 4 ,y = 5 )) #keyword-only在
1 ( 2 , 3 ) 7 { 'x' : 4 , 'y' : 5 }
In [ 21 ]: f( 1 , * ( 2 , 3 ), * * dict (x = 4 ,y = 5 ,c = 7 ))
1 ( 2 , 3 ) 7 { 'x' : 4 , 'y' : 5 }
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2、为什么使用keyword-only参数?
很容易允许一个函数既接受任意多个要处理的位置参数,也接受作为关键字传递的配置选项, 可以减少代码,如果没有它的话,必须使用*args和**args,并且手动地检查关键字。
3、min调用
编写一个函数,能够计算任意参数集合和任意对象数据类型集合中的最小值。
方法一:使用切片
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In [ 23 ]: def min ( * args):
....: res = args[ 0 ]
....: for arg in args[ 1 :]:
....: if arg < res:
....: res = arg
....: return res
....:
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方法二:让python自动获取,避免切片。
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In [ 28 ]: def min2(first, * rest):
....: for arg in rest:
....: if arg < first:
....: first = arg
....: return first
....:
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方法三:调用内置函数list,将元祖转换为列表,然后调用list内置的sort方法实现。 注意:因为python sort列程是以C写出的,使用高度优化算法,运行速度要比前2中快很多。
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In [ 32 ]: def min3( * args):
....: tmp = list (args)
....: tmp.sort()
....: return tmp[ 0 ]
....:
In [ 29 ]: min2( 3 , * ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ))
Out[ 29 ]: 1
In [ 31 ]: min ( * ( 5 , 6 , 6 , 2 , 2 , 7 ))
Out[ 31 ]: 2
In [ 33 ]: min3( 3 , 4 , 5 , 5 , 2 )
Out[ 33 ]: 2
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五、例子:
1、模拟通用set函数:
编写一个函数返回两个序列的公共部分,编写inter2.py文件如下:
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#!/usr/bin/python3
def intersect( * args):
res = []
for x in args[ 0 ]:
for other in args[ 1 :]:
if x not in other: break
else :
res.append(x)
return res
def union( * args):
res = []
for seq in args:
for x in seq:
if not x in res:
res.append(x)
return res
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测试:
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In [ 3 ]: from inter2 import intersect,union
In [ 4 ]: s1,s2,s3 = "SPAM" , "SCAM" , "SLAM"
In [ 5 ]: intersect(s1,s2),union(s1,s2)
Out[ 5 ]: ([ 'S' , 'A' , 'M' ], [ 'S' , 'P' , 'A' , 'M' , 'C' ])
In [ 6 ]: intersect([ 1 , 2 , 3 ],( 1 , 4 ))
Out[ 6 ]: [ 1 ]
In [ 7 ]: intersect(s1,s2,s3)
Out[ 7 ]: [ 'S' , 'A' , 'M' ]
In [ 8 ]: union(s1,s2,s3)
Out[ 8 ]: [ 'S' , 'P' , 'A' , 'M' , 'C' , 'L' ]
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2、模拟python 3.x print函数
编写文件python30.py
(1)使用*args和**args方法
环境python2.7
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#!/usr/bin/python
import sys
def print30( * args, * * kargs):
sep = kargs.get( 'sep' , ' ' )
end = kargs.get( 'end' , '\n' )
file = kargs.get( 'file' ,sys.stdout)
if kargs: raise TypeError( 'extra keywords: %s' % kargs)
output = ''
first = True
for arg in args:
output + = ('' if first else sep) + str (arg)
first = False
file .write(output + end)
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交互结果:
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In [ 5 ]: print30( 1 , 2 , 3 )
1 2 3
In [ 6 ]: print30( 1 , 2 , 3 ,sep = '')
123
In [ 7 ]: print30( 1 , 2 , 3 ,sep = '...' )
1. .. 2. .. 3
In [ 8 ]: print30( 1 ,[ 2 ],( 3 ,),sep = '...' )
1. ..[ 2 ]...( 3 ,)
In [ 9 ]: print30( 4 , 5 , 6 ,sep = ' ',end=' ')
456
In [ 11 ]: print30( 1 , 2 , 3 )
1 2 3
In [ 12 ]: print30()
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(2)使用keyword-only方法,实现效果和方法一一样:
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#!/usr/bin/python3
import sys
def print30( * args,sep = ' ' ,end = '\n' , file = sys.stdout):
output = ''
first = True
for arg in args:
output + = ('' if first else sep) + str (arg)
first = False
file .write(output + end)
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