(【编程基础之Python】5、安装Python第三方模块)
安装Python第三方模块
为什么需要安装第三方模块
Python具有很强的可扩展性，它不是把所有功能特性都集中到语言核心，而是提供了丰富的官方的、第三方的类库。在创建好一个Python的虚拟环境之后，默认安装的包非常少，不能满足开发中的需求，所以需要我们自己安装第三方模块。
- 在Windows下
- 在Linux下
Python包管理器介绍
很多系统和语言都提供了包管理器。
pip
Python 常用的包管理器是 pip。pip的使用方法为：
Usage:
pip <command> [options]
Commands:
install Install packages.
download Download packages.
uninstall Uninstall packages.
freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.
inspect Inspect the python environment.
list List installed packages.
show Show information about installed packages.
check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
config Manage local and global configuration.
search Search PyPI for packages.
cache Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
index Inspect information available from package indexes.
wheel Build wheels from your requirements.
hash Compute hashes of package archives.
completion A helper command used for command completion.
debug Show information useful for debugging.
help Show help for commands.
常用的命令有：
- install，用于安装Python模块
- download，用于下载Python模块
- uninstall，用于卸载已安装的模块
- freeze，用于输出当前环境中已安装的模块，通常用于生成依赖文件requirements.txt
- list，列出当前环境中已安装的模块
- search，用于从PyPI中查找第三方模块
有两种方法来运行pip进行Python模块的安装，这两种方法的效果是一样的。
pip install
使用pip进行Python模块安装的第一种方式是直接使用命令pip install，这个是安装Python模块最方便的方式。当然，前提是pip命令已经添加到系统的环境变量PATH中了。pip install命令的语法为：
Usage:
pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...
Description:
Install packages from:
- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
- VCS project urls.
- Local project directories.
- Local or remote source archives.
python -m pip install
使用pip进行Python模块安装的第二种方式是使用命令python -m pip install，其中，-m指定要运行的模块，该命令是直接使用python命令，将pip模块当成脚本运行。python -m pip install命令的语法为：
Usage:
/home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
/home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
/home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
/home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
/home/wux_labs/anaconda3/envs/PythonBasic/bin/python -m pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...
Description:
Install packages from:
- PyPI (and other indexes) using requirement specifiers.
- VCS project urls.
- Local project directories.
- Local or remote source archives.
conda
Anaconda提供的conda是一个用来管理和部署应用、环境和包的工具，自然conda工具也包含第三方模块的安装功能。
conda install
conda install命令就是用来安装Python模块的，其语法如下：
usage: conda install [-h] [--revision REVISION] [-n ENVIRONMENT | -p PATH] [-c CHANNEL] [--use-local] [--override-channels]
[--repodata-fn REPODATA_FNS] [--strict-channel-priority] [--no-channel-priority] [--no-deps | --only-deps] [--no-pin] [--copy]
[-C] [-k] [--offline] [-d] [--json] [-q] [-v] [-y] [--download-only] [--show-channel-urls] [--file FILE]
[--experimental-solver {classic,libmamba,libmamba-draft}] [--force-reinstall]
[--freeze-installed | --update-deps | -S | --update-all | --update-specs] [-m] [--clobber] [--dev]
[package_spec ...]
Installs a list of packages into a specified conda environment.
在Windows环境中安装Python模块
打开Anaconda Prompt窗口，切换到需要安装Python模块的虚拟环境。
conda activate PythonBasic
在数据分析中，经常会用到Python数据分析三剑客：numpy、pandas、matplotlib，下面分别用三种方式来进行安装。
安装numpy
使用命令：
pip install numpy
安装完成后，可以看到虚拟环境中的Python模块明显比最初的时候多很多。
编写一段代码验证一下：
(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import numpy as np
>>>
>>> arr = np.arange(12)
>>> print(arr)
[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11]
>>> arr2 = arr.reshape(3,4)
>>> print(arr2)
[[ 0 1 2 3]
[ 4 5 6 7]
[ 8 9 10 11]]
>>>
安装pandas
使用命令：
python -m pip install pandas
安装完成后，编写代码验证一下：
(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pandas as pd
>>>
>>> ser1 = pd.Series([1.5, 2.5, 3, 4.5, 5.0, 6])
>>> print(ser1)
0 1.5
1 2.5
2 3.0
3 4.5
4 5.0
5 6.0
dtype: float64
>>>
安装matplotlib
使用命令：
conda install matplotlib
可以看到matplotlib安装的包更多，安装过程为：
(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>conda install matplotlib
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done
==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
current version: 22.9.0
latest version: 23.1.0
Please update conda by running
$ conda update -n base -c defaults conda
## Package Plan ##
environment location: C:\Users\wux_labs\anaconda3\envs\PythonBasic
added / updated specs:
- matplotlib
The following packages will be downloaded:
package | build
---------------------------|-----------------
contourpy-1.0.5 | py39h59b6b97_0 159 KB
freetype-2.12.1 | ha860e81_0 490 KB
glib-2.69.1 | h5dc1a3c_2 1.8 MB
gst-plugins-base-1.18.5 | h9e645db_0 1.7 MB
gstreamer-1.18.5 | hd78058f_0 1.7 MB
kiwisolver-1.4.4 | py39hd77b12b_0 60 KB
libclang-12.0.0 |default_h627e005_2 17.8 MB
libffi-3.4.2 | hd77b12b_6 109 KB
libogg-1.3.5 | h2bbff1b_1 33 KB
libtiff-4.5.0 | h6c2663c_1 1.2 MB
libvorbis-1.3.7 | he774522_0 202 KB
libwebp-1.2.4 | h2bbff1b_0 67 KB
libwebp-base-1.2.4 | h2bbff1b_0 279 KB
lz4-c-1.9.4 | h2bbff1b_0 143 KB
matplotlib-3.6.2 | py39haa95532_0 9 KB
matplotlib-base-3.6.2 | py39h1094b8e_0 6.5 MB
numpy-1.23.5 | py39h3b20f71_0 11 KB
numpy-base-1.23.5 | py39h4da318b_0 6.0 MB
openssl-1.1.1t | h2bbff1b_0 5.5 MB
pcre-8.45 | hd77b12b_0 382 KB
pillow-9.3.0 | py39hd77b12b_2 992 KB
ply-3.11 | py39haa95532_0 81 KB
pyqt-5.15.7 | py39hd77b12b_0 3.7 MB
pyqt5-sip-12.11.0 | py39hd77b12b_0 75 KB
qt-main-5.15.2 | he8e5bd7_7 50.0 MB
qt-webengine-5.15.9 | hb9a9bb5_5 48.9 MB
qtwebkit-5.212 | h3ad3cdb_4 10.3 MB
sip-6.6.2 | py39hd77b12b_0 434 KB
xz-5.2.10 | h8cc25b3_1 520 KB
zlib-1.2.13 | h8cc25b3_0 113 KB
------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 158.9 MB
The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:
blas pkgs/main/win-64::blas-1.0-mkl None
brotli pkgs/main/win-64::brotli-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 None
brotli-bin pkgs/main/win-64::brotli-bin-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 None
contourpy pkgs/main/win-64::contourpy-1.0.5-py39h59b6b97_0 None
cycler pkgs/main/noarch::cycler-0.11.0-pyhd3eb1b0_0 None
fonttools pkgs/main/noarch::fonttools-4.25.0-pyhd3eb1b0_0 None
freetype pkgs/main/win-64::freetype-2.12.1-ha860e81_0 None
glib pkgs/main/win-64::glib-2.69.1-h5dc1a3c_2 None
gst-plugins-base pkgs/main/win-64::gst-plugins-base-1.18.5-h9e645db_0 None
gstreamer pkgs/main/win-64::gstreamer-1.18.5-hd78058f_0 None
icu pkgs/main/win-64::icu-58.2-ha925a31_3 None
intel-openmp pkgs/main/win-64::intel-openmp-2021.4.0-haa95532_3556 None
jpeg pkgs/main/win-64::jpeg-9e-h2bbff1b_0 None
kiwisolver pkgs/main/win-64::kiwisolver-1.4.4-py39hd77b12b_0 None
lerc pkgs/main/win-64::lerc-3.0-hd77b12b_0 None
libbrotlicommon pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlicommon-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 None
libbrotlidec pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlidec-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 None
libbrotlienc pkgs/main/win-64::libbrotlienc-1.0.9-h2bbff1b_7 None
libclang pkgs/main/win-64::libclang-12.0.0-default_h627e005_2 None
libdeflate pkgs/main/win-64::libdeflate-1.8-h2bbff1b_5 None
libffi pkgs/main/win-64::libffi-3.4.2-hd77b12b_6 None
libiconv pkgs/main/win-64::libiconv-1.16-h2bbff1b_2 None
libogg pkgs/main/win-64::libogg-1.3.5-h2bbff1b_1 None
libpng pkgs/main/win-64::libpng-1.6.37-h2a8f88b_0 None
libtiff pkgs/main/win-64::libtiff-4.5.0-h6c2663c_1 None
libvorbis pkgs/main/win-64::libvorbis-1.3.7-he774522_0 None
libwebp pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-1.2.4-h2bbff1b_0 None
libwebp-base pkgs/main/win-64::libwebp-base-1.2.4-h2bbff1b_0 None
libxml2 pkgs/main/win-64::libxml2-2.9.14-h0ad7f3c_0 None
libxslt pkgs/main/win-64::libxslt-1.1.35-h2bbff1b_0 None
lz4-c pkgs/main/win-64::lz4-c-1.9.4-h2bbff1b_0 None
matplotlib pkgs/main/win-64::matplotlib-3.6.2-py39haa95532_0 None
matplotlib-base pkgs/main/win-64::matplotlib-base-3.6.2-py39h1094b8e_0 None
mkl pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-2021.4.0-haa95532_640 None
mkl-service pkgs/main/win-64::mkl-service-2.4.0-py39h2bbff1b_0 None
mkl_fft pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_fft-1.3.1-py39h277e83a_0 None
mkl_random pkgs/main/win-64::mkl_random-1.2.2-py39hf11a4ad_0 None
munkres pkgs/main/noarch::munkres-1.1.4-py_0 None
numpy pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-1.23.5-py39h3b20f71_0 None
numpy-base pkgs/main/win-64::numpy-base-1.23.5-py39h4da318b_0 None
pcre pkgs/main/win-64::pcre-8.45-hd77b12b_0 None
pillow pkgs/main/win-64::pillow-9.3.0-py39hd77b12b_2 None
ply pkgs/main/win-64::ply-3.11-py39haa95532_0 None
pyparsing pkgs/main/win-64::pyparsing-3.0.9-py39haa95532_0 None
pyqt pkgs/main/win-64::pyqt-5.15.7-py39hd77b12b_0 None
pyqt5-sip pkgs/main/win-64::pyqt5-sip-12.11.0-py39hd77b12b_0 None
qt-main pkgs/main/win-64::qt-main-5.15.2-he8e5bd7_7 None
qt-webengine pkgs/main/win-64::qt-webengine-5.15.9-hb9a9bb5_5 None
qtwebkit pkgs/main/win-64::qtwebkit-5.212-h3ad3cdb_4 None
sip pkgs/main/win-64::sip-6.6.2-py39hd77b12b_0 None
tk pkgs/main/win-64::tk-8.6.12-h2bbff1b_0 None
toml pkgs/main/noarch::toml-0.10.2-pyhd3eb1b0_0 None
xz pkgs/main/win-64::xz-5.2.10-h8cc25b3_1 None
zlib pkgs/main/win-64::zlib-1.2.13-h8cc25b3_0 None
zstd pkgs/main/win-64::zstd-1.5.2-h19a0ad4_0 None
The following packages will be UPDATED:
openssl 1.1.1s-h2bbff1b_0 --> 1.1.1t-h2bbff1b_0 None
Proceed ([y]/n)? y
Downloading and Extracting Packages
numpy-1.23.5 | 11 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libwebp-1.2.4 | 67 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
sip-6.6.2 | 434 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
ply-3.11 | 81 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
pillow-9.3.0 | 992 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
glib-2.69.1 | 1.8 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
matplotlib-3.6.2 | 9 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
contourpy-1.0.5 | 159 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
qt-webengine-5.15.9 | 48.9 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
kiwisolver-1.4.4 | 60 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
gst-plugins-base-1.1 | 1.7 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
qtwebkit-5.212 | 10.3 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libclang-12.0.0 | 17.8 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
pcre-8.45 | 382 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libogg-1.3.5 | 33 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
freetype-2.12.1 | 490 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libffi-3.4.2 | 109 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
openssl-1.1.1t | 5.5 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
qt-main-5.15.2 | 50.0 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
pyqt-5.15.7 | 3.7 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libwebp-base-1.2.4 | 279 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
zlib-1.2.13 | 113 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
lz4-c-1.9.4 | 143 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libvorbis-1.3.7 | 202 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
numpy-base-1.23.5 | 6.0 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
libtiff-4.5.0 | 1.2 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
matplotlib-base-3.6. | 6.5 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
xz-5.2.10 | 520 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
pyqt5-sip-12.11.0 | 75 KB | ############################################################################ | 100%
gstreamer-1.18.5 | 1.7 MB | ############################################################################ | 100%
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
Retrieving notices: ...working... done
(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>
安装完成后，编写一段代码验证一下：
(PythonBasic) C:\Users\wux_labs>python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Jan 11 2023, 16:16:36) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
>>> x = range(2, 26, 2)
>>> y = [15, 13, 14.5, 17, 20, 25, 26, 26, 27, 22, 18, 15]
>>> plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
<Figure size 1600x640 with 0 Axes>
>>> plt.plot(x, y)
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x000001F39A878760>]
>>> plt.show()
在Linux环境中安装Python模块
在Linux环境中安装Python模块的命令与在Windows环境中的一致，同样可以使用以上三种方式进行安装。
pip install numpy
pip install pandas matplotlib
python -m pip install pandas matplotlib
conda install pandas matplotlib
在PyCharm中安装Python模块
除了在虚拟环境中直接使用命令安装Python模块，在PyCharm开发工具中还可以直接安装Python模块。
通过PyCharm的File -> Settings...菜单
或者右下角的Python解释器管理工具
打开PyCharm的设置界面，通过解释器环境管理中的添加按钮可以安装需要的Python模块。
在弹出的窗口中，查找自己想安装的模块，选中，点击Install Package进行安装。
安装完成后可以看到安装的pyspark模块。
写在后面
Python具有很高的可扩展性，在项目开发中我们会用到很多第三方的模块，用好包管理器可以大大提高我们的效率。