1 前言
rt-thread可以采用软件定时器或硬件定时器来实现定时器管理的,所谓软件定时器是指由操作系统提供的一类系统接口,它构建在硬件定时器基础之上,使系统能够提供不受数目限制的定时器服务。而硬件定时器是芯片本身提供的定时功能。一般是由外部晶振提供给芯片输入时钟,芯片向软件模块提供一组配置寄存器,接受控制输入,到达设定时间值后芯片中断控制器产生时钟中断。硬件定时器的精度一般很高,可以达到纳秒级别,并且是中断触发方式。软件定时器的精度取决于它使用的硬件定时器精度。而rt-thread操作系统在默认情况下是采用的硬件定时器的方式,用户可以通过修改宏定义#ifdef RT_USING_TIMER_SOFT来修改采用哪种。
2 rt-thread的定时器的基本工作原理
在RT-Thread定时器模块维护两个重要的全局变量,一个是当前系统的时间rt_tick(当硬件定时器中断来临时,它将加1),另一个是定时器链表rt_timer_list,系统中新创建的定时期都会被以排序的方式插入到rt_timer_list(硬件定时器模式下使用)链表中,rt_timer_list的每个节点保留了一个定时器的信息,并且在这个节点加入链表时就计算好了产生时间到达时的时间点,即tick,在rt-thread系统中如果采用软件定时器模式,则存在一定时器线程rt_thread_timer_entry,不断获取当前TICK值并与定时器链表rt_timer_list上的定时器对比判断是否时间已到,一旦发现就调用对应的回调函数,即事件处理函数进行处理,而如果采用硬件定时器管理模式的话,则该检查过程放到系统时钟中断例程中进行处理,此时,是不存在定时器线程的。如下图:注:如果采用软件定时器软件定时器,则该定时器链表为rt_soft_timer_list。
3 源码分析
3.1 数据定义
- /**
- * timer structure
- */
- struct rt_timer
- {
- struct rt_object parent; //内核对象
- rt_list_t list; //链表节点
- void (*timeout_func)(void *parameter); //定时器超时例程
- void *parameter; //定时器例程的传入参数
- rt_tick_t init_tick; //定时器的超时时间,即总共多长时间将产生超时事件
- rt_tick_t timeout_tick; //定时器超时的时间点,即产生超时事件时那一该的时间点
- };
- typedef struct rt_timer *rt_timer_t;
3.2 rt-thread的软件定时器模式
软件定时器线程初始化及启动:
- /**
- * @ingroup SystemInit
- *
- * This function will initialize system timer thread
- */
- void rt_system_timer_thread_init(void)
- {
- #ifdef RT_USING_TIMER_SOFT//如果采用软件定时器管理模式,则启动定时器线程
- rt_list_init(&rt_soft_timer_list);//初始化软件定时器链表
- /* start software timer thread */
- rt_thread_init(&timer_thread,//初始化软件定时器线程,并启动
- "timer",
- rt_thread_timer_entry,
- RT_NULL,
- &timer_thread_stack[0],
- sizeof(timer_thread_stack),
- RT_TIMER_THREAD_PRIO,
- 10);
- /* startup */
- rt_thread_startup(&timer_thread);
- #endif
- }
软件定时器线程如下:
- /* system timer thread entry */
- static void rt_thread_timer_entry(void *parameter)
- {
- rt_tick_t next_timeout;
- while (1)
- {
- /* get the next timeout tick */
- next_timeout = rt_timer_list_next_timeout(&rt_soft_timer_list);//得到软件定时器链表上的下一个定时器的超时时间点
- if (next_timeout == RT_TICK_MAX)//如果超过范围,则挂起当前线程,继续线程调度
- {
- /* no software timer exist, suspend self. */
- rt_thread_suspend(rt_thread_self());
- rt_schedule();
- }
- else
- {
- rt_tick_t current_tick;
- /* get current tick */
- current_tick = rt_tick_get();//获取当前时间点
- if ((next_timeout - current_tick) < RT_TICK_MAX/2)//离下个中断时间点还差些时候
- {
- /* get the delta timeout tick */
- next_timeout = next_timeout - current_tick;//计算还差多长时间
- rt_thread_delay(next_timeout);//休眠一段时间
- }
- }
- /* lock scheduler */
- rt_enter_critical();//时间到,进入临界区
- /* check software timer */
- rt_soft_timer_check();//检查是否该产生超时事件
- /* unlock scheduler */
- rt_exit_critical();//退出临界区
- }
- }
检查是否产生中断函数rt_soft_timer_check函数如下定义:
- /**
- * This function will check timer list, if a timeout event happens, the
- * corresponding timeout function will be invoked.
- */
- void rt_soft_timer_check(void)
- {
- rt_tick_t current_tick;
- rt_list_t *n;
- struct rt_timer *t;
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("software timer check enter\n"));
- current_tick = rt_tick_get();//得到当前时间点
- for (n = rt_soft_timer_list.next; n != &(rt_soft_timer_list);)//得到下一定时器节点
- {
- t = rt_list_entry(n, struct rt_timer, list);//t指向rt_timer定时器
- /*
- * It supposes that the new tick shall less than the half duration of
- * tick max.
- */
- if ((current_tick - t->timeout_tick) < RT_TICK_MAX / 2)//如果当前的时间点超过定时器的超时时间点
- {
- RT_OBJECT_HOOK_CALL(rt_timer_timeout_hook, (t));//使用钩子函数
- /* move node to the next */
- n = n->next;//指向下一定时器
- /* remove timer from timer list firstly */
- rt_list_remove(&(t->list));//移除当前定时器
- /* call timeout function */
- t->timeout_func(t->parameter);//产生定时器超时事件,调用对应处理函数
- /* re-get tick */
- current_tick = rt_tick_get();//再次获取当前时间点
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("current tick: %d\n", current_tick));
- if ((t->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_PERIODIC) &&//如果当前定时器是周期性定时器,则将其再次按序放入软件定时器链表
- (t->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED))
- {
- /* start it */
- t->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;//置标志为非激活状态
- rt_timer_start(t);//再次将定时器t放入软件定时器链表末尾
- }
- else
- {
- /* stop timer */
- t->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;//置标志为非激活状态
- }
- }
- else break; /* not check anymore */
- }
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("software timer check leave\n"));
- }
上面代码中,为什么定时器里判断超时的条件是((current_tick - t→timeout_tick) < RT_TICK_MAX/2)?
因为系统时钟溢出后会自动回绕。取定时器比较最大值是定时器最大值的一半,即RT_TICK_MAX/2(在比较两个定时器值时,值是32位无符号数,相减运算将会自动回绕)。系统支持的定时器最大长度就是RT_TICK_MAX的一半:即248天(10ms/tick),124天(5ms/tick),24.5天(1ms/tick),以下内容相同道理。
其上rt_timer_start函数如下定义:
- /**
- * This function will start the timer
- *
- * @param timer the timer to be started
- *
- * @return the operation status, RT_EOK on OK, -RT_ERROR on error
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_start(rt_timer_t timer)
- {
- struct rt_timer *t;
- register rt_base_t level;
- rt_list_t *n, *timer_list;
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- if (timer->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED)//如果传入的定时器已经激活,则直接返回错误
- return -RT_ERROR;
- RT_OBJECT_HOOK_CALL(rt_object_take_hook, (&(timer->parent)));//使用钩子函数
- /*
- * get timeout tick,
- * the max timeout tick shall not great than RT_TICK_MAX/2
- */
- RT_ASSERT(timer->init_tick < RT_TICK_MAX / 2);
- timer->timeout_tick = rt_tick_get() + timer->init_tick;//得到定时器超时的时间点
- /* disable interrupt */
- level = rt_hw_interrupt_disable();//关中断
- #ifdef RT_USING_TIMER_SOFT//如果采用的是软件定时器管理模式,则将定时器加入到rt_soft_timer_list中
- if (timer->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_SOFT_TIMER)
- {
- /* insert timer to soft timer list */
- timer_list = &rt_soft_timer_list;
- }
- else
- #endif
- {
- /* insert timer to system timer list */
- timer_list = &rt_timer_list;
- }
- for (n = timer_list->next; n != timer_list; n = n->next)//将定时器按序加入到定时器链表中
- {
- t = rt_list_entry(n, struct rt_timer, list);
- /*
- * It supposes that the new tick shall less than the half duration of
- * tick max.
- */
- if ((t->timeout_tick - timer->timeout_tick) < RT_TICK_MAX / 2)
- {
- rt_list_insert_before(n, &(timer->list));//将定时器timer插入到t之前
- break;
- }
- }
- /* no found suitable position in timer list */
- if (n == timer_list)//没有找到合适的位置,则放到链表头
- {
- rt_list_insert_before(n, &(timer->list));
- }
- timer->parent.flag |= RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;//置定时器为激活状态
- /* enable interrupt */
- rt_hw_interrupt_enable(level);
- #ifdef RT_USING_TIMER_SOFT
- if (timer->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_SOFT_TIMER)//如果系统采用的是软件定时器管理模式,且软件定时器线程处理ready状态,则恢复此线程
- {
- /* check whether timer thread is ready */
- if (timer_thread.stat != RT_THREAD_READY)
- {
- /* resume timer thread to check soft timer */
- rt_thread_resume(&timer_thread);//恢复定时器线程
- rt_schedule();//开始线程调度
- }
- }
- #endif
- return -RT_EOK;
- }
软件定时器管理模式的源码分析完了,接下来介绍RTT的硬件定时器管理模式。
3.3 RTT的硬件定时器管理模式
硬件定时器管理模式顾名思义,就是说与硬件相关,因此,不用的MCU,其部分源码是不一样的,因为其要采用MCU的系统时钟中断例程来实现。
以STM32F2XX为例,先找到其启动汇编,位置在:RTT/bsp/stm32f2xx/Libraries/CMSIS/CM3/DeviceSupport/ST/STM32F2xx/startup/arm/startup_stm32f2xx.s
找到中断向量:
- DCD SysTick_Handler ; SysTick Handler
这是系统时钟中断向量,再找到其中断例程实现:
在bsp/stm32f2xx/drivers/board.c文件中:
- /**
- * This is the timer interrupt service routine.
- *
- */
- void SysTick_Handler(void)//系统时钟中断例程
- {
- /* enter interrupt */
- rt_interrupt_enter();
- rt_tick_increase();
- /* leave interrupt */
- rt_interrupt_leave();
- }
其中rt_tick_increase函数在RTT/src/clock.c文件中的实现如下:
- /**
- * This function will notify kernel there is one tick passed. Normally,
- * this function is invoked by clock ISR.
- */
- void rt_tick_increase(void)
- {
- struct rt_thread *thread;
- /* increase the global tick */
- ++ rt_tick;//全局rt_tick加1
- /* check time slice */
- thread = rt_thread_self();//得到当前正在运行的线程
- -- thread->remaining_tick;//纯种剩下时间减1
- if (thread->remaining_tick == 0)//如果线程剩余时间为0,即调度时间已到
- {
- /* change to initialized tick */
- thread->remaining_tick = thread->init_tick;//将线程剩余时间重新设置初始化值
- /* yield */
- rt_thread_yield();//调度时间到,切换到其它线程
- }
- /* check timer */
- rt_timer_check();//检查硬件定时器链表是否有定时器产生超时事件
- }
其中rt_timer_check函数在RTT/src/timer.c文件中如下定义:
- /**
- * This function will check timer list, if a timeout event happens, the
- * corresponding timeout function will be invoked.
- *
- * @note this function shall be invoked in operating system timer interrupt.
- */
- void rt_timer_check(void)
- {
- struct rt_timer *t;
- rt_tick_t current_tick;
- register rt_base_t level;
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("timer check enter\n"));
- current_tick = rt_tick_get();
- /* disable interrupt */
- level = rt_hw_interrupt_disable();
- while (!rt_list_isempty(&rt_timer_list))
- {
- t = rt_list_entry(rt_timer_list.next, struct rt_timer, list);
- /*
- * It supposes that the new tick shall less than the half duration of
- * tick max.
- */
- if ((current_tick - t->timeout_tick) < RT_TICK_MAX/2)
- {
- RT_OBJECT_HOOK_CALL(rt_timer_timeout_hook, (t));
- /* remove timer from timer list firstly */
- rt_list_remove(&(t->list));
- /* call timeout function */
- t->timeout_func(t->parameter);
- /* re-get tick */
- current_tick = rt_tick_get();
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("current tick: %d\n", current_tick));
- if ((t->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_PERIODIC) &&
- (t->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED))
- {
- /* start it */
- t->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;
- rt_timer_start(t);
- }
- else
- {
- /* stop timer */
- t->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;
- }
- }
- else
- break;
- }
- /* enable interrupt */
- rt_hw_interrupt_enable(level);
- RT_DEBUG_LOG(RT_DEBUG_TIMER, ("timer check leave\n"));
- }
此函数与rt_soft_timer_check基本大致相同,只不过一个是查找硬件定时器链表rt_timer_list,一个是查找rt_soft_timer_list.
在此,硬件定时器管理模式基本上介绍完毕,接下来介绍一些定时器接口.
4 定时器接口
4.1 定时器初始化
静态初始化定义器
- /**
- * This function will initialize a timer, normally this function is used to
- * initialize a static timer object.
- *
- * @param timer the static timer object
- * @param name the name of timer
- * @param timeout the timeout function
- * @param parameter the parameter of timeout function
- * @param time the tick of timer
- * @param flag the flag of timer
- */
- void rt_timer_init(rt_timer_t timer,
- const char *name,
- void (*timeout)(void *parameter),
- void *parameter,
- rt_tick_t time,
- rt_uint8_t flag)
- {
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- /* timer object initialization */
- rt_object_init((rt_object_t)timer, RT_Object_Class_Timer, name);//初始化内核对象
- _rt_timer_init(timer, timeout, parameter, time, flag);
- }
_rt_timer_init函数如下定义:
- static void _rt_timer_init(rt_timer_t timer,
- void (*timeout)(void *parameter),
- void *parameter,
- rt_tick_t time,
- rt_uint8_t flag)
- {
- /* set flag */
- timer->parent.flag = flag;//置flag
- /* set deactivated */
- timer->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;//初始化时,设置为非激活状态
- timer->timeout_func = timeout;//设置超时事件处理函数
- timer->parameter = parameter;//超时事件处理函数的传入参数
- timer->timeout_tick = 0;//定时器的超时时间点初始化时为0
- timer->init_tick = time;//置超时时间
- /* initialize timer list */
- rt_list_init(&(timer->list));//初始化本身节点
- }
动态创建定时器
- /**
- * This function will create a timer
- *
- * @param name the name of timer
- * @param timeout the timeout function
- * @param parameter the parameter of timeout function
- * @param time the tick of timer
- * @param flag the flag of timer
- *
- * @return the created timer object
- */
- rt_timer_t rt_timer_create(const char *name,
- void (*timeout)(void *parameter),
- void *parameter,
- rt_tick_t time,
- rt_uint8_t flag)
- {
- struct rt_timer *timer;
- /* allocate a object */
- timer = (struct rt_timer *)rt_object_allocate(RT_Object_Class_Timer, name);//动态分配定时器内核对象
- if (timer == RT_NULL)
- {
- return RT_NULL;
- }
- _rt_timer_init(timer, timeout, parameter, time, flag);//调用上述的初始化接口
- return timer;
- }
4.2 脱离和删除
脱离:
- /**
- * This function will detach a timer from timer management.
- *
- * @param timer the static timer object
- *
- * @return the operation status, RT_EOK on OK; RT_ERROR on error
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_detach(rt_timer_t timer)
- {
- register rt_base_t level;
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- /* disable interrupt */
- level = rt_hw_interrupt_disable();//关中断
- /* remove it from timer list */
- rt_list_remove(&(timer->list));//从定时器链表中移除
- /* enable interrupt */
- rt_hw_interrupt_enable(level);//开中断
- rt_object_detach((rt_object_t)timer);//脱离内核对象
- return -RT_EOK;
- }
删除动态创建的定时器
- /**
- * This function will delete a timer and release timer memory
- *
- * @param timer the timer to be deleted
- *
- * @return the operation status, RT_EOK on OK; RT_ERROR on error
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_delete(rt_timer_t timer)
- {
- register rt_base_t level;
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- /* disable interrupt */
- level = rt_hw_interrupt_disable();//关中断
- /* remove it from timer list */
- rt_list_remove(&(timer->list));//从定时器链表中移除
- /* enable interrupt */
- rt_hw_interrupt_enable(level);//开中断
- rt_object_delete((rt_object_t)timer);//删除动态创建的定时器内核对象
- return -RT_EOK;
- }
4.3 启动定时器
- /**
- * This function will start the timer
- *
- * @param timer the timer to be started
- *
- * @return the operation status, RT_EOK on OK, -RT_ERROR on error
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_start(rt_timer_t timer)
此接口已在上面介绍软件定时器模式时已有分析,这里就不再重复了。
4.4 停止定时器
- /**
- * This function will stop the timer
- *
- * @param timer the timer to be stopped
- *
- * @return the operation status, RT_EOK on OK, -RT_ERROR on error
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_stop(rt_timer_t timer)
- {
- register rt_base_t level;
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- if (!(timer->parent.flag & RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED))//如果定时器已经为非激活状态
- return -RT_ERROR;
- RT_OBJECT_HOOK_CALL(rt_object_put_hook, (&(timer->parent)));//使用钩子函数
- /* disable interrupt */
- level = rt_hw_interrupt_disable();//关中断
- /* remove it from timer list */
- rt_list_remove(&(timer->list));//从定时器链表中移除
- /* enable interrupt */
- rt_hw_interrupt_enable(level);//开中断
- /* change stat */
- timer->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_ACTIVATED;//置非激活状态
- return RT_EOK;
- }
4.5 控制
此接口是用来修改一个定时器的参数,如下代码:
- /**
- * This function will get or set some options of the timer
- *
- * @param timer the timer to be get or set
- * @param cmd the control command
- * @param arg the argument
- *
- * @return RT_EOK
- */
- rt_err_t rt_timer_control(rt_timer_t timer, rt_uint8_t cmd, void *arg)
- {
- /* timer check */
- RT_ASSERT(timer != RT_NULL);
- switch (cmd)
- {
- case RT_TIMER_CTRL_GET_TIME://获取时间参数
- *(rt_tick_t *)arg = timer->init_tick;
- break;
- case RT_TIMER_CTRL_SET_TIME://修改时间参数
- timer->init_tick = *(rt_tick_t *)arg;
- break;
- case RT_TIMER_CTRL_SET_ONESHOT://修改定时器模式为单次触发定时器
- timer->parent.flag &= ~RT_TIMER_FLAG_PERIODIC;
- break;
- case RT_TIMER_CTRL_SET_PERIODIC://修改定时器为周期触发定时器
- timer->parent.flag |= RT_TIMER_FLAG_PERIODIC;
- break;
- }
- return RT_EOK;
- }
完!