深入理解JavaScript系列(四): 模块化编程

时间:2021-03-20 22:29:18
 
<div id="article_details" class="details">    <div class="article_title">            <span class="ico ico_type_Repost"></span>    <h1>        <span class="link_title"><a href="/u012422829/article/details/51009957">        深入理解JavaScript系列(四): 模块化编程                           </a>        </span>             </h1></div>           <div class="article_manage clearfix">        <div class="article_l">            <span class="link_categories">            标签:              <a href="http://www.csdn.net/tag/javascript" target="_blank" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','function', 'onclick', 'blog_articles_tag']);">javascript</a><a href="http://www.csdn.net/tag/%e6%a8%a1%e5%9d%97%e5%8c%96" target="_blank" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','function', 'onclick', 'blog_articles_tag']);">模块化</a><a href="http://www.csdn.net/tag/require.js" target="_blank" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','function', 'onclick', 'blog_articles_tag']);">require.js</a>            </span>        </div>        <div class="article_r">            <span class="link_postdate">2016-03-29 22:53</span>            <span class="link_view" title="阅读次数">2798人阅读</span>            <span class="link_comments" title="评论次数"> <a href="#comments" onclick="_gaq.push(['_trackEvent','function', 'onclick', 'blog_articles_pinglun'])">评论</a>(0)</span>            <span class="link_collect tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_171"> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:collectArticle('%e6%b7%b1%e5%85%a5%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3JavaScript%e7%b3%bb%e5%88%97(%e5%9b%9b)%3a+%e6%a8%a1%e5%9d%97%e5%8c%96%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b','51009957');return false;" title="收藏" target="_blank">收藏</a></span>             <span class="link_report"> <a href="#report" onclick="javascript:report(51009957,2);return false;" title="举报">举报</a></span>        </div>    </div>    <style type="text/css">                    .embody{                padding:10px 10px 10px; 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background:#eee; float:left; min-width:200px;padding:4px 10px;"><p style="text-align:right;margin:0;"><span style="float:left;">目录<a href="#" title="系统根据文章中H1到H6标签自动生成文章目录">(?)</a></span><a href="#" onclick="javascript:return openct(this);" title="展开">[+]</a></p><ol style="display:none;margin-left:14px;padding-left:14px;line-height:160%;"><li><a href="#t0">1模块的写法</a></li><ol><li><a href="#t1">1原始写法</a></li><li><a href="#t2">2对象写法</a></li><li><a href="#t3">3立即执行函数写法</a></li><li><a href="#t4">4放大模式</a></li><li><a href="#t5">5宽放大模式Loose augmentation</a></li><li><a href="#t6">6输入全局变量</a></li></ol><li><a href="#t7">AMD规范</a></li><ol><li><a href="#t8">  1模块的规范</a></li><li><a href="#t9">2CommonJS</a></li><li><a href="#t10">3浏览器环境</a></li><li><a href="#t11">4AMD</a></li></ol><li><a href="#t12">3使用Requirejs</a></li><ol><li><a href="#t13">1为什么要用requirejs</a></li><li><a href="#t14">2requirejs的加载</a></li><li><a href="#t15">3主模块的写法</a></li><li><a href="#t16">4模块的加载</a></li><li><a href="#t17">5AMD模块的写法</a></li><li><a href="#t18">6加载非规范的模块</a></li><li><a href="#t19">7requirejs插件</a></li></ol></ol></div><div style="clear:both"></div><div id="article_content" class="article_content tracking-ad" data-mod="popu_307" data-dsm="post"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">本文整理自 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/10/javascript_module.html">http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2012/10/javascript_module.html</a></p><h1 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t0" target="_blank"></a>1.模块的写法</h1><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t1" target="_blank"></a>1.原始写法</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">模块就是实现特定功能的一组方法。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">只要把不同的函数(以及记录状态的变量)简单地放在一起,就算是一个模块。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  function m1(){<br>    //...<br>  }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  function m2(){<br>    //...<br>  }</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上面的函数m1()和m2(),组成一个模块。使用的时候,直接调用就行了。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这种做法的缺点很明显:"污染"了全局变量,无法保证不与其他模块发生变量名冲突,而且模块成员之间看不出直接关系。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t2" target="_blank"></a>2.对象写法</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">为了解决上面的缺点,可以把模块写成一个对象,所有的模块成员都放到这个对象里面。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var module1 = new Object({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    _count : 0,</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    m1 : function (){<br>      //...<br>    },</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    m2 : function (){<br>      //...<br>    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上面的函数m1()和m2(),都封装在module1对象里。使用的时候,就是调用这个对象的属性。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  module1.m1();</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">但是,这样的写法会暴露所有模块成员,内部状态可以被外部改写。比如,外部代码可以直接改变内部计数器的值。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  module1._count = 5;</p></blockquote><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t3" target="_blank"></a>3.立即执行函数写法</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">使用"<a target="_blank" href="http://benalman.com/news/2010/11/immediately-invoked-function-expression/" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">立即执行函数</a>"(Immediately-Invoked Function Expression,IIFE),可以达到不暴露私有成员的目的。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var module1 = (function(){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    var _count = 0;</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    var m1 = function(){<br>      //...<br>    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    var m2 = function(){<br>      //...<br>    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    return {<br>      m1 : m1,<br>      m2 : m2<br>    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  })();</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">使用上面的写法,外部代码无法读取内部的_count变量。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  console.info(module1._count); //undefined</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">module1就是<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/javascript" class="replace_word" title="JavaScript知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">JavaScript</a>模块的基本写法。下面,再对这种写法进行加工。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t4" target="_blank"></a>4.放大模式</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">如果一个模块很大,必须分成几个部分,或者一个模块需要继承另一个模块,这时就有必要采用"放大模式"(augmentation)。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var module1 = (function (mod){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    mod.m3 = function () {<br>      //...<br>    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    return mod;</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  })(module1);</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上面的代码为module1模块添加了一个新方法m3(),然后返回新的module1模块。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t5" target="_blank"></a>5.宽放大模式(Loose augmentation)</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">在浏览器环境中,模块的各个部分通常都是从网上获取的,有时无法知道哪个部分会先加载。如果采用上一节的写法,第一个执行的部分有可能加载一个不存在空对象,这时就要采用"宽放大模式"。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var module1 = ( function (mod){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    //...</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    return mod;</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  })(window.module1 || {});</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><span style="color:#ff0000">与"放大模式"相比,"宽放大模式"就是"立即执行函数"的参数可以是空对象。</span></p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t6" target="_blank"></a>6.输入全局变量</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">独立性是模块的重要特点,模块内部最好不与程序的其他部分直接交互。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><span style="color:#ff0000">为了在模块内部调用全局变量,必须显式地将其他变量输入模块。</span></p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var module1 = (function ($, YAHOO) {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    //...</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  })(<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/jquery" class="replace_word" title="jQuery知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">jQuery</a>, YAHOO);</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上面的module1模块需要使用jQuery库和YUI库,就把这两个库(其实是两个模块)当作参数输入module1。这样做除了保证模块的独立性,还使得模块之间的依赖关系变得明显。这方面更多的讨论,参见Ben Cherry的著名文章<a target="_blank" href="http://www.adequatelygood.com/2010/3/JavaScript-Module-Pattern-In-Depth" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">《JavaScript Module Pattern: In-Depth》</a>。</p><div><br></div><div><br></div><h1><a name="t7" target="_blank"></a>2.AMD规范</h1><h2><a name="t8" target="_blank"></a>  1.模块的规范</h2><div><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">先想一想,为什么模块很重要?</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">因为有了模块,我们就可以更方便地使用别人的代码,想要什么功能,就加载什么模块。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">但是,这样做有一个前提,那就是大家必须以同样的方式编写模块,否则你有你的写法,我有我的写法,岂不是乱了套!考虑到Javascript模块现在还没有官方规范,这一点就更重要了。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">目前,通行的Javascript模块规范共有两种:<a target="_blank" href="http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Modules/1.1" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">CommonJS</a>和<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/amdjs/amdjs-api/wiki/AMD" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">AMD</a>。我主要介绍AMD,但是要先从CommonJS讲起。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t9" target="_blank"></a>2.CommonJS</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">2009年,美国程序员Ryan Dahl创造了<a target="_blank" href="http://nodejs.org/" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">node.js</a>项目,将javascript语言用于服务器端编程。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><img src="http://image.beekka.com/blog/201210/bg2012103002.jpg" alt="" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204)"></p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这标志"Javascript模块化编程"正式诞生。因为老实说,在浏览器环境下,没有模块也不是特别大的问题,毕竟网页程序的复杂性有限;但是在服务器端,一定要有模块,与<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/operatingsystem" class="replace_word" title="操作系统知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">操作系统</a>和其他应用程序互动,否则根本没法编程。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/nodejs" class="replace_word" title="Node.js知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">Node.js</a>的<a target="_blank" href="http://nodejs.org/docs/latest/api/modules.html" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">模块系统</a>,就是参照<a target="_blank" href="http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Modules/1.1" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">CommonJS</a>规范实现的。在CommonJS中,有一个全局性方法require(),用于加载模块。假定有一个数学模块math.js,就可以像下面这样加载。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var math = require('math');</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">然后,就可以调用模块提供的方法:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var math = require('math');</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  math.add(2,3); // 5</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">因为这个系列主要针对浏览器编程,不涉及<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/nodejs" class="replace_word" title="Node.js知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">node.js</a>,所以对CommonJS就不多做介绍了。我们在这里只要知道,require()用于加载模块就行了。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t10" target="_blank"></a>3.浏览器环境</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">有了服务器端模块以后,很自然地,大家就想要客户端模块。而且最好两者能够兼容,一个模块不用修改,在服务器和浏览器都可以运行。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">但是,由于一个重大的局限,使得CommonJS规范不适用于浏览器环境。还是上一节的代码,如果在浏览器中运行,会有一个很大的问题,你能看出来吗?</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  var math = require('math');</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  math.add(2, 3);</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">第二行math.add(2, 3),在第一行require('math')之后运行,因此必须等math.js加载完成。也就是说,如果加载时间很长,整个应用就会停在那里等。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这对服务器端不是一个问题,因为所有的模块都存放在本地硬盘,可以同步加载完成,等待时间就是硬盘的读取时间。但是,对于浏览器,这却是一个大问题,因为模块都放在服务器端,等待时间取决于网速的快慢,可能要等很长时间,浏览器处于"假死"状态。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">因此,浏览器端的模块,不能采用"同步加载"(synchronous),只能采用"异步加载"(asynchronous)。这就是AMD规范诞生的背景。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t11" target="_blank"></a>4.AMD</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/amdjs/amdjs-api/wiki/AMD" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">AMD</a>是"Asynchronous Module Definition"的缩写,意思就是"异步模块定义"。它采用异步方式加载模块,模块的加载不影响它后面语句的运行。所有依赖这个模块的语句,都定义在一个回调函数中,等到加载完成之后,这个回调函数才会运行。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">AMD也采用require()语句加载模块,但是不同于CommonJS,它要求两个参数:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require([module], callback);</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">第一个参数[module],是一个数组,里面的成员就是要加载的模块;第二个参数callback,则是加载成功之后的回调函数。如果将前面的代码改写成AMD形式,就是下面这样:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require(['math'], function (math) {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    math.add(2, 3);</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">math.add()与math模块加载不是同步的,浏览器不会发生假死。所以很显然,AMD比较适合浏览器环境。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">目前,主要有两个Javascript库实现了AMD规范:<a target="_blank" href="http://requirejs.org/" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js</a>和<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/cujojs/curl" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">curl.js</a>。下文将通过介绍require.js,进一步讲解AMD的用法,以及如何将模块化编程投入实战。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><br></p><h1 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t12" target="_blank"></a>3.使用Require.js</h1><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"></p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t13" target="_blank"></a>1.为什么要用require.js?</h2><p></p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">最早的时候,所有Javascript代码都写在一个文件里面,只要加载这一个文件就够了。后来,代码越来越多,一个文件不够了,必须分成多个文件,依次加载。下面的网页代码,相信很多人都见过。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  <script src="1.js"></script><br>  <script src="2.js"></script><br>  <script src="3.js"></script><br>  <script src="4.js"></script><br>  <script src="5.js"></script><br>  <script src="6.js"></script></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这段代码依次加载多个js文件。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这样的写法有很大的缺点。首先,加载的时候,浏览器会停止网页渲染,加载文件越多,网页失去响应的时间就会越长;其次,由于js文件之间存在依赖关系,因此必须严格保证加载顺序(比如上例的1.js要在2.js的前面),依赖性最大的模块一定要放到最后加载,当依赖关系很复杂的时候,代码的编写和维护都会变得困难。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js的诞生,就是为了解决这两个问题:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  <img src="http://image.beekka.com/blog/201211/bg2012110701.png" alt="" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204)"></p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  (1)实现js文件的异步加载,避免网页失去响应;</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  (2)管理模块之间的依赖性,便于代码的编写和维护。</p></blockquote><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t14" target="_blank"></a>2.require.js的加载</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">使用require.js的第一步,是先去官方网站<a target="_blank" href="http://requirejs.org/docs/download.html" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">下载</a>最新版本。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">下载后,假定把它放在js子目录下面,就可以加载了。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  <script src="js/require.js"></script></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">有人可能会想到,加载这个文件,也可能造成网页失去响应。解决办法有两个,一个是把它放在网页底部加载,另一个是写成下面这样:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  <script src="js/require.js" defer async="true" ></script></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">async属性表明这个文件需要异步加载,避免网页失去响应。IE不支持这个属性,只支持defer,所以把defer也写上。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">加载require.js以后,下一步就要加载我们自己的代码了。假定我们自己的代码文件是main.js,也放在js目录下面。那么,只需要写成下面这样就行了:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  <script src="js/require.js" data-main="js/main"></script></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">data-main属性的作用是,指定网页程序的主模块。在上例中,就是js目录下面的main.js,这个文件会第一个被require.js加载。由于require.js默认的文件后缀名是js,所以可以把main.js简写成main。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t15" target="_blank"></a>3.主模块的写法</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上一节的main.js,我把它称为"主模块",意思是整个网页的入口代码。它有点像<a href="http://lib.csdn.net/base/c" class="replace_word" title="C语言知识库" target="_blank" style="color:#df3434; font-weight:bold;">C语言</a>的main()函数,所有代码都从这儿开始运行。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">下面就来看,怎么写main.js。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">如果我们的代码不依赖任何其他模块,那么可以直接写入javascript代码。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  // main.js</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  alert("加载成功!");</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">但这样的话,就没必要使用require.js了。真正常见的情况是,主模块依赖于其他模块,这时就要使用AMD规范定义的的require()函数。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  // main.js</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require(['moduleA', 'moduleB', 'moduleC'], function (moduleA, moduleB, moduleC){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    // some code here</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require()函数接受两个参数。第一个参数是一个数组,表示所依赖的模块,上例就是['moduleA', 'moduleB', 'moduleC'],即主模块依赖这三个模块;第二个参数是一个回调函数,当前面指定的模块都加载成功后,它将被调用。加载的模块会以参数形式传入该函数,从而在回调函数内部就可以使用这些模块。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require()异步加载moduleA,moduleB和moduleC,浏览器不会失去响应;它指定的回调函数,只有前面的模块都加载成功后,才会运行,解决了依赖性的问题。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">下面,我们看一个实际的例子。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">假定主模块依赖jquery、underscore和backbone这三个模块,main.js就可以这样写:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require(['jquery', 'underscore', 'backbone'], function ($, _, Backbone){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    // some code here</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js会先加载jQuery、underscore和backbone,然后再运行回调函数。主模块的代码就写在回调函数中。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t16" target="_blank"></a>4.模块的加载</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上一节最后的示例中,主模块的依赖模块是['jquery', 'underscore', 'backbone']。默认情况下,require.js假定这三个模块与main.js在同一个目录,文件名分别为jquery.js,underscore.js和backbone.js,然后自动加载。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">使用require.config()方法,我们可以对模块的加载行为进行自定义。require.config()就写在主模块(main.js)的头部。参数就是一个对象,这个对象的paths属性指定各个模块的加载路径。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require.config({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    paths: {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      "jquery": "jquery.min",<br>      "underscore": "underscore.min",<br>      "backbone": "backbone.min"</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">上面的代码给出了三个模块的文件名,路径默认与main.js在同一个目录(js子目录)。如果这些模块在其他目录,比如js/lib目录,则有两种写法。一种是逐一指定路径。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require.config({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    paths: {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      "jquery": "lib/jquery.min",<br>      "underscore": "lib/underscore.min",<br>      "backbone": "lib/backbone.min"</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">另一种则是直接改变基目录(baseUrl)。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require.config({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    baseUrl: "js/lib",</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    paths: {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      "jquery": "jquery.min",<br>      "underscore": "underscore.min",<br>      "backbone": "backbone.min"</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">如果某个模块在另一台主机上,也可以直接指定它的网址,比如:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require.config({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    paths: {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      "jquery": "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min"</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js要求,每个模块是一个单独的js文件。这样的话,如果加载多个模块,就会发出多次HTTP请求,会影响网页的加载速度。因此,require.js提供了一个<a target="_blank" href="http://requirejs.org/docs/optimization.html" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">优化工具</a>,当模块部署完毕以后,可以用这个工具将多个模块合并在一个文件中,减少HTTP请求数。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t17" target="_blank"></a>5.AMD模块的写法</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js加载的模块,采用AMD规范。也就是说,模块必须按照AMD的规定来写。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">具体来说,就是模块必须采用特定的define()函数来定义。如果一个模块不依赖其他模块,那么可以直接定义在define()函数之中。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">假定现在有一个math.js文件,它定义了一个math模块。那么,math.js就要这样写:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  // math.js</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  define(function (){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    var add = function (x,y){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      return x+y;</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    return {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      add: add<br>    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">加载方法如下:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  // main.js</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require(['math'], function (math){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    alert(math.add(1,1));</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">如果这个模块还依赖其他模块,那么define()函数的第一个参数,必须是一个数组,指明该模块的依赖性。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  define(['myLib'], function(myLib){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    function foo(){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      myLib.doSomething();</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    return {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      foo : foo</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    };</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">当require()函数加载上面这个模块的时候,就会先加载myLib.js文件。</p><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t18" target="_blank"></a>6.加载非规范的模块</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">理论上,require.js加载的模块,必须是按照AMD规范、用define()函数定义的模块。但是实际上,虽然已经有一部分流行的函数库(比如jQuery)符合AMD规范,更多的库并不符合。那么,require.js是否能够加载非规范的模块呢?</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">回答是可以的。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">这样的模块在用require()加载之前,要先用require.config()方法,定义它们的一些特征。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">举例来说,underscore和backbone这两个库,都没有采用AMD规范编写。如果要加载它们的话,必须先定义它们的特征。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require.config({</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    shim: {<br><br>      'underscore':{<br>        exports: '_'<br>      },</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      'backbone': {<br>        deps: ['underscore', 'jquery'],<br>        exports: 'Backbone'<br>      }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.config()接受一个配置对象,这个对象除了有前面说过的paths属性之外,还有一个shim属性,专门用来配置不兼容的模块。具体来说,每个模块要定义(1)exports值(输出的变量名),表明这个模块外部调用时的名称;(2)deps数组,表明该模块的依赖性。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">比如,jQuery的插件可以这样定义:</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  shim: {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    'jquery.scroll': {</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      deps: ['jquery'],</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      exports: 'jQuery.fn.scroll'</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  }</p></blockquote><h2 style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none"><a name="t19" target="_blank"></a>7.require.js插件</h2><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">require.js还提供一系列<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/jrburke/requirejs/wiki/Plugins" style="margin:0px; padding:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">插件</a>,实现一些特定的功能。</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">domready插件,可以让回调函数在页面DOM结构加载完成后再运行。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  require(['domready!'], function (doc){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    // called once the DOM is ready</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  });</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">text和image插件,则是允许require.js加载文本和图片文件。</p><blockquote style="margin:2em; padding:1em; list-style-type:none; border:0.3em solid rgb(224,223,204); overflow:auto"><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  define([</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    'text!review.txt',</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    'image!cat.jpg'</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    ],<br><br>    function(review,cat){</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      console.log(review);</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">      document.body.appendChild(cat);</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">    }</p><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">  );</p></blockquote><p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0.8em; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; list-style-type:none; border:none">类似的插件还有json和mdown,用于加载json文件和markdown文件。</p><br><br></div>   </div><!-- Baidu Button BEGIN --><div class="bdsharebuttonbox tracking-ad bdshare-button-style0-16" style="float: right;" data-mod="popu_172" data-bd-bind="1501396699532"><a href="#" class="bds_more" data-cmd="more" style="background-position:0 0 !important; 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