本质上在Actions算子中通过SparkContext执行提交作业的runJob操作，触发了RDD DAG的执行。
根据Action算子的输出空间将Action算子进行分类：无输出、 HDFS、 Scala集合和数据类型。
无输出
foreach
对RDD中的每个元素都应用f函数操作，不返回RDD和Array，而是返回Uint。 
图中，foreach算子通过用户自定义函数对每个数据项进行操作。 本例中自定义函数为println，控制台打印所有数据项。
源码：
/**
* Applies a function f to all elements of this RDD.
*/
def foreach(f: T => Unit) {
val cleanF = sc.clean(f)
sc.runJob(this, (iter: Iterator[T]) => iter.foreach(cleanF))
}
HDFS
（1）saveAsTextFile
函数将数据输出，存储到HDFS的指定目录。将RDD中的每个元素映射转变为（Null，x.toString），然后再将其写入HDFS。 
图中，左侧的方框代表RDD分区，右侧方框代表HDFS的Block。 通过函数将RDD的每个分区存储为HDFS中的一个Block。
源码：
/**
* Save this RDD as a text file, using string representations of elements.
*/
def saveAsTextFile(path: String) {
// https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2075
//
// NullWritable is a `Comparable` in Hadoop 1.+, so the compiler cannot find an implicit
// Ordering for it and will use the default `null`. However, it's a `Comparable[NullWritable]`
// in Hadoop 2.+, so the compiler will call the implicit `Ordering.ordered` method to create an
// Ordering for `NullWritable`. That's why the compiler will generate different anonymous
// classes for `saveAsTextFile` in Hadoop 1.+ and Hadoop 2.+.
//
// Therefore, here we provide an explicit Ordering `null` to make sure the compiler generate
// same bytecodes for `saveAsTextFile`.
val nullWritableClassTag = implicitly[ClassTag[NullWritable]]
val textClassTag = implicitly[ClassTag[Text]]
val r = this.mapPartitions { iter =>
val text = new Text()
iter.map { x =>
text.set(x.toString)
(NullWritable.get(), text)
}
}
RDD.rddToPairRDDFunctions(r)(nullWritableClassTag, textClassTag, null)
.saveAsHadoopFile[TextOutputFormat[NullWritable, Text]](path)
}
/**
* Save this RDD as a compressed text file, using string representations of elements.
*/
def saveAsTextFile(path: String, codec: Class[_ <: CompressionCodec]) {
// https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2075
val nullWritableClassTag = implicitly[ClassTag[NullWritable]]
val textClassTag = implicitly[ClassTag[Text]]
val r = this.mapPartitions { iter =>
val text = new Text()
iter.map { x =>
text.set(x.toString)
(NullWritable.get(), text)
}
}
RDD.rddToPairRDDFunctions(r)(nullWritableClassTag, textClassTag, null)
.saveAsHadoopFile[TextOutputFormat[NullWritable, Text]](path, codec)
}
（2）saveAsObjectFile
saveAsObjectFile将分区中的每10个元素组成一个Array，然后将这个Array序列化，映射为（Null，BytesWritable（Y））的元素，写入HDFS为SequenceFile的格式。
图中，左侧方框代表RDD分区，右侧方框代表HDFS的Block。 通过函数将RDD的每个分区存储为HDFS上的一个Block。
源码：
/**
* Save this RDD as a SequenceFile of serialized objects.
*/
def saveAsObjectFile(path: String) {
this.mapPartitions(iter => iter.grouped(10).map(_.toArray))
.map(x => (NullWritable.get(), new BytesWritable(Utils.serialize(x))))
.saveAsSequenceFile(path)
}
Scala集合和数据类型
（1）collect
collect相当于toArray，toArray已经过时不推荐使用，collect将分布式的RDD返回为一个单机的scala Array数组。 在这个数组上运用scala的函数式操作。
图中，左侧方框代表RDD分区，右侧方框代表单机内存中的数组。通过函数操作，将结果返回到Driver程序所在的节点，以数组形式存储。
源码：
/**
* Return an array that contains all of the elements in this RDD.
*/
def collect(): Array[T] = {
val results = sc.runJob(this, (iter: Iterator[T]) => iter.toArray)
Array.concat(results: _*)
}
（2）collectAsMap
collectAsMap对（K，V）型的RDD数据返回一个单机HashMap。对于重复K的RDD元素，后面的元素覆盖前面的元素。 
图中，左侧方框代表RDD分区，右侧方框代表单机数组。数据通过collectAsMap函数返回给Driver程序计算结果，结果以HashMap形式存储。
源码：
/**
* Return the key-value pairs in this RDD to the master as a Map.
*
* Warning: this doesn't return a multimap (so if you have multiple values to the same key, only
* one value per key is preserved in the map returned)
*/
def collectAsMap(): Map[K, V] = {
val data = self.collect()
val map = new mutable.HashMap[K, V]
map.sizeHint(data.length)
data.foreach { pair => map.put(pair._1, pair._2) }
map
}
（3）reduceByKeyLocally
实现的是先reduce再collectAsMap的功能，先对RDD的整体进行reduce操作，然后再收集所有结果返回为一个HashMap。
源码：
/**
* Merge the values for each key using an associative reduce function, but return the results
* immediately to the master as a Map. This will also perform the merging locally on each mapper
* before sending results to a reducer, similarly to a "combiner" in MapReduce.
*/
def reduceByKeyLocally(func: (V, V) => V): Map[K, V] = {
if (keyClass.isArray) {
throw new SparkException("reduceByKeyLocally() does not support array keys")
}
val reducePartition = (iter: Iterator[(K, V)]) => {
val map = new JHashMap[K, V]
iter.foreach { pair =>
val old = map.get(pair._1)
map.put(pair._1, if (old == null) pair._2 else func(old, pair._2))
}
Iterator(map)
} : Iterator[JHashMap[K, V]]
val mergeMaps = (m1: JHashMap[K, V], m2: JHashMap[K, V]) => {
m2.foreach { pair =>
val old = m1.get(pair._1)
m1.put(pair._1, if (old == null) pair._2 else func(old, pair._2))
}
m1
} : JHashMap[K, V]
self.mapPartitions(reducePartition).reduce(mergeMaps)
}
（4）lookup
Lookup函数对（Key，Value）型的RDD操作，返回指定Key对应的元素形成的Seq。这个函数处理优化的部分在于，如果这个RDD包含分区器，则只会对应处理K所在的分区，然后返回由（K，V）形成的Seq。如果RDD不包含分区器，则需要对全RDD元素进行暴力扫描处理，搜索指定K对应的元素。
图中，左侧方框代表RDD分区，右侧方框代表Seq，最后结果返回到Driver所在节点的应用中。
源码：
/**
* Return the list of values in the RDD for key `key`. This operation is done efficiently if the
* RDD has a known partitioner by only searching the partition that the key maps to.
*/
def lookup(key: K): Seq[V] = {
self.partitioner match {
case Some(p) =>
val index = p.getPartition(key)
val process = (it: Iterator[(K, V)]) => {
val buf = new ArrayBuffer[V]
for (pair <- it if pair._1 == key) {
buf += pair._2
}
buf
} : Seq[V]
val res = self.context.runJob(self, process, Array(index), false)
res(0)
case None =>
self.filter(_._1 == key).map(_._2).collect()
}
}
（5）count
count返回整个RDD的元素个数。 
图中，返回数据的个数为5。一个方块代表一个RDD分区。
源码：
/**
* Return the number of elements in the RDD.
*/
def count(): Long = sc.runJob(this, Utils.getIteratorSize _).sum
（6）top
top可返回最大的k个元素。
相近函数说明：
- top返回最大的k个元素。
- take返回最小的k个元素。
- takeOrdered返回最小的k个元素， 并且在返回的数组中保持元素的顺序。
- first相当于top（ 1） 返回整个RDD中的前k个元素， 可以定义排序的方式Ordering[T]。返回的是一个含前k个元素的数组。
源码：
/**
* Returns the top k (largest) elements from this RDD as defined by the specified
* implicit Ordering[T]. This does the opposite of [[takeOrdered]]. For example:
* {{{
* sc.parallelize(Seq(10, 4, 2, 12, 3)).top(1)
* // returns Array(12)
*
* sc.parallelize(Seq(2, 3, 4, 5, 6)).top(2)
* // returns Array(6, 5)
* }}}
*
* @param num k, the number of top elements to return
* @param ord the implicit ordering for T
* @return an array of top elements
*/
def top(num: Int)(implicit ord: Ordering[T]): Array[T] = takeOrdered(num)(ord.reverse)
（7）reduce
reduce函数相当于对RDD中的元素进行reduceLeft函数的操作。
reduceLeft先对两个元素
/**
* Reduces the elements of this RDD using the specified commutative and
* associative binary operator.
*/
def reduce(f: (T, T) => T): T = {
val cleanF = sc.clean(f)
val reducePartition: Iterator[T] => Option[T] = iter => {
if (iter.hasNext) {
Some(iter.reduceLeft(cleanF))
} else {
None
}
}
var jobResult: Option[T] = None
val mergeResult = (index: Int, taskResult: Option[T]) => {
if (taskResult.isDefined) {
jobResult = jobResult match {
case Some(value) => Some(f(value, taskResult.get))
case None => taskResult
}
}
}
sc.runJob(this, reducePartition, mergeResult)
// Get the final result out of our Option, or throw an exception if the RDD was empty
jobResult.getOrElse(throw new UnsupportedOperationException("empty collection"))
}
（8）fold
fold和reduce的原理相同，但是与reduce不同，相当于每个reduce时，迭代器取的第一个元素是zeroValue。 
图中，通过用户自定义函数进行fold运算，图中的一个方框代表一个RDD分区。
源码：
/**
* Aggregate the elements of each partition, and then the results for all the partitions, using a
* given associative function and a neutral "zero value". The function op(t1, t2) is allowed to
* modify t1 and return it as its result value to avoid object allocation; however, it should not
* modify t2.
*/
def fold(zeroValue: T)(op: (T, T) => T): T = {
// Clone the zero value since we will also be serializing it as part of tasks
var jobResult = Utils.clone(zeroValue, sc.env.closureSerializer.newInstance())
val cleanOp = sc.clean(op)
val foldPartition = (iter: Iterator[T]) => iter.fold(zeroValue)(cleanOp)
val mergeResult = (index: Int, taskResult: T) => jobResult = op(jobResult, taskResult)
sc.runJob(this, foldPartition, mergeResult)
jobResult
}
（9）aggregate
aggregate先对每个分区的所有元素进行aggregate操作，再对分区的结果进行fold操作。
aggreagate与fold和reduce的不同之处在于，aggregate相当于采用归并的方式进行数据聚集，这种聚集是并行化的。 而在fold和reduce函数的运算过程中，每个分区中需要进行串行处理，每个分区串行计算完结果，结果再按之前的方式进行聚集，并返回最终聚集结果。
图中，通过用户自定义函数对RDD 进行aggregate的聚集操作，图中的每个方框代表一个RDD分区。
源码：
/**
* Aggregate the elements of each partition, and then the results for all the partitions, using
* given combine functions and a neutral "zero value". This function can return a different result
* type, U, than the type of this RDD, T. Thus, we need one operation for merging a T into an U
* and one operation for merging two U's, as in scala.TraversableOnce. Both of these functions are
* allowed to modify and return their first argument instead of creating a new U to avoid memory
* allocation.
*/
def aggregate[U: ClassTag](zeroValue: U)(seqOp: (U, T) => U, combOp: (U, U) => U): U = {
// Clone the zero value since we will also be serializing it as part of tasks
var jobResult = Utils.clone(zeroValue, sc.env.closureSerializer.newInstance())
val cleanSeqOp = sc.clean(seqOp)
val cleanCombOp = sc.clean(combOp)
val aggregatePartition = (it: Iterator[T]) => it.aggregate(zeroValue)(cleanSeqOp, cleanCombOp)
val mergeResult = (index: Int, taskResult: U) => jobResult = combOp(jobResult, taskResult)
sc.runJob(this, aggregatePartition, mergeResult)
jobResult
}
原文链接：http://blog.csdn.net/jasonding1354