前言
如果再说IP请求次数检测、验证码这种最常见的反爬虫技术，可能大家听得耳朵都出茧子了。当然，也有的同学写了了几天的爬虫，觉得爬虫太简单、没有啥挑战性。所以特地找了三个有一定难度的网站，希望可以有兴趣的手动实践一下。
此篇文章只作知识扩展和思路引导，其中涉及的网站反爬技术，仅做技术学习探讨。
字体加密
字体加密总结成一句话：你看到的不是你看到的。
地址
猫眼电影：https://maoyan.com/films/343568
问题还原
最近的哥斯拉大战金刚看了没啊，好看不，评分高不高，票房多少了？让我们去猫眼看一看吧。
这一看问题就来了：为什么评分和票房在源码里都是"口口"？在页面中看到的评分和票房去哪儿了？
追根溯源
话不多说，先看源码：
看完更疑问了，这个&#x又是啥？这个其实是html中的转义序列，表示后面跟着的是十六进制，处理后在控制台打印一下，如图：
这些数字和票房目前是一分钱关系都没有。那就想办法让他们有所关联。
从网页中找到了以下代码：
其实这就是在css中使用@font-face通过woff文件自定义了字体，源码中的十六进制数字必须通过这个字体映射才能正确显示。就像UTF-8和GBK的关系，编码和解码一致才不会出现乱码。
这里我将woff字体文件下载到本地并用工具打开。
从网页上看到票房是5.74亿，这里就主要关注数字5。从上图可以看出5对应的是glyph11。
使用工具将woff文件转换成xml格式：
glyph11对应的是id=11的glyph，其对应的name为uniE8CD。接着在xml中找到uniE8CD对应的十六进制：
如图，uniE8CD对应的是0xe8cd，也就是说数字5对应的是0xe8cd，正是在控制台输出的第一个数字。
eval() & JS加密
js被加密后放在eval()中执行。如果想还原js，在开发者控制台使用console.log()输出解密后的js。因为不论是eval()还是log()，js解析执行最终都依赖于浏览器内核。
地址
TV猫：https://www.tvmao.com/program/CCTV
问题还原
在频道剧集页，分为早间、午间、晚间节目。如图：
在发起请求获取频道剧集数据的时候，发现返回内容只有早间节目数据，12点以后的剧集数据获取不到。
查看网页源码：
追根溯源
我们在控制台的请求中，搜索网页中的关键字"熊熊乐园"，害，果不其然，还真搜着了。
这个响应结果是一个数组，下标0代表标志位：1代表获取到了数据，0代表没有获取到数据；下标1是数据位，对应接口的返回数据。
解析此响应结果的代码比较繁杂，需要对多余内容进行替换。
代码如下：
其实上面代码它并不重要！！接着我们顺着网线去看他的请求部分：
从请求头中可以看出，请求就一个参数p，1、2、3... 整整186位，你看这个参数它又长悠长，像那寂寥的雨巷。虽然等不来那撑着油纸伞的姑娘，但是至少可以先看看这个参数p是怎么生成的。
在搜索框搜索api和pg关键字，找到下面代码：
别管其他，带有ajax字样十有八九就是ajax请求了，参数p的值是变量a，在生成变量a的代码处设置断点，点击页面中的"查看更多"按钮触发断点，接着进入A.d()方法：
往上翻，查看js上部分：
其实到这里就已经可以结束了，你看在d()中又调用了w()，w()也调用了A中其他方法，将这个js中方法调用链搞清楚，将每个方法代码都内联起来，最后计算出参数p，就可以了。
那么，说好的eval呢，说好的加密的js呢？
少侠莫慌，这就带您继续看下去。如果你仔细看，你就会发现上面的js的文件名是匿名/临时的，所以说这不是网站原有的js文件，而是浏览器内核解析后的js。
那该怎么找到原来的js文件？
不知少侠可知搜索功能，你看上面的js中有keyStr这个关键字，咱不妨搜索一波。
这不，如图，eval()有了，加密js也有了，拷贝成文本如下：
eval(function(h, b, i, d, g, f) {
g = function(a) {
return (a < b ? "" : g(parseInt(a / b))) + ((a = a % b) > 35 ? String.fromCharCode(a + 29) : a.toString(36))
}
;
if (!"".replace(/^/, String)) {
while (i--) {
f[g(i)] = d[i] || g(i)
}
d = [function(a) {
return f[a]
}
];
g = function() {
return "\\w+"
}
;
i = 1
}
while (i--) {
if (d[i]) {
h = h.replace(new RegExp("\\b" + g(i) + "\\b","g"), d[i])
}
}
return h
}('5 A={z:"1o+/=",1b:"1l=1k",J:j(a){5 b="";5 c,L,M,14,16,O,N;5 i=0;a=A.1g(a);1t(i<a.R){c=a.S(i++);L=a.S(i++);M=a.S(i++);14=c>>2;16=((c&3)<<4)|(L>>4);O=((L&15)<<2)|(M>>6);N=M&Q;9(1f(L)){O=N=18}K 9(1f(M)){N=18}b=b+y.z.C(14)+y.z.C(16)+y.z.C(O)+y.z.C(N)}8 b},H:j(a){a=a.1G();5 b=\'\';Z(5 i=0;i<a.R;i++){b+=y.1b[a.C(i)]}Z(5 i=0;i<a.R;i++){b+=y.z[a.C(i)]}8 b},1g:j(a){a=a.1B(/\\r\\n/g,"\\n");5 b="";Z(5 n=0;n<a.R;n++){5 c=a.S(n);9(c<P){b+=I.G(c)}K 9((c>1x)&&(c<1w)){b+=I.G((c>>6)|1q);b+=I.G((c&Q)|P)}K{b+=I.G((c>>12)|1p);b+=I.G(((c>>6)&Q)|P);b+=I.G((c&Q)|P)}}8 b},E:j(a){$(\':U[V="19"]\',a).10(A.J(\'l\'+$(".19",a).10()+\'o\'))},B:j(a){5 b=(1c 1d()).1i();9(a!=m)8 A.J(a+\'|\'+b);K 8 A.J(\'\'+b)},e:j(u){5 x=1;5 f=$(\'T\').13();5 a=f.W("U[11=\'1j\']");9(a!=m){x=2}K 9(u!=m){x=u}9(f==m)8 x;8 f.D(\'a\')},c:j(e){5 v;5 f=$(\'T\').13();9(f==m)8"";5 s=f.W("*[17=\'1m\']");9(s==m){v=f.W("U[11=\'1n\']");9(v==m)8"";v=e}v=s.D(\'Y\');8 v},d:j(p,h){5 v=A.w(h);5 a=$("1r.1s");5 x=a||p;9(a!=m){x=h||$("s.1h")}x=A.c();5 b=1c 1d();5 c=b.1u();5 d=b.1v();5 i=d==0?7:d;i=i*i;5 F=y.z.C(i);8 F+A.J(x+"|"+A.e(p))+v},w:j(v){5 t=$("1y");5 a="|";9(t==m){X="/"}K{X=v}5 r=A.J(a+k(X));8 r},s:j(a,b){5 c=y.z.C(1z);8 A.J(c+a)}};5 k=j(a){5 f=$(\'T\').13();9(f==m)8"";5 b=f.D(\'Y\');9(b==m)f.D(\'Y\',a);8 f.D(\'q\')};$(j(){5 b=$(\'<U 17="1A" V="1a"/>\');b.10(A.B());$(\'T[V="1C"]\').1D(b);$(\'a[11^="1E"]\').1F(j(){5 a=$(y).D("1e")+"&1a="+1H(A.B());$(y).D("1e",a)})});', 62, 106, "|||||var|||return|if||||||||||function|||undefined||||||||||||this|_keyStr|||charAt|attr|||fromCharCode||String||else|chr2|chr3|enc4|enc3|128|63|length|charCodeAt|form|input|name|find|tl|id|for|val|class||first|enc1||enc2|type|64|ed|ek|_keyStr2|new|Date|href|isNaN|_C|fix1|getTime|baidu|DVGO|KQMFS|submit|qq|ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789|224|192|div|fix|while|getUTCDate|getDay|2048|127|head|37|hidden|replace|frmlogin|append|by|each|toString|encodeURIComponent".split("|"), 0, {}))
在控制台中将eval()中的加密js使用console.log()打印出来，结果和之前的匿名js一样。
如图：
setCookie & 混淆加密
其实setCookie是一个js混淆加密，但是我之所以叫他setCookie，是因为它的代码起点和核心围绕着一个setCookie函数。
地址
智联招聘：https://jobs.zhaopin.com/beijing
问题还原
当对上面网址发起请求，发现返回的网页内容是一堆看不懂的"乱码"。
如图：
这里我把响应内容复制了出来，供大家阅读。
<html><script src="//aeu.alicdn.com/waf/antidomxss.js"></script><script>
var arg1='7CF8FE6084F244597FE93D42AFEB6C2ED7029D82';
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追根溯源
这个是不是看起来比eval()还要头大一些，密密麻麻的都是16进制数。别慌，让我来给他美化一波！！
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_0x401af1 = decodeURIComponent(_0x4a2aed);
for (var _0x2d67ec = 0x0; _0x2d67ec < 0x100; _0x2d67ec++) {
_0x45079a[_0x2d67ec] = _0x2d67ec;
}
for (_0x2d67ec = 0x0; _0x2d67ec < 0x100; _0x2d67ec++) {
_0x52d57c = (_0x52d57c + _0x45079a[_0x2d67ec] + _0x532ac0['charCodeAt'](_0x2d67ec % _0x532ac0['length'])) % 0x100;
_0x105f59 = _0x45079a[_0x2d67ec];
_0x45079a[_0x2d67ec] = _0x45079a[_0x52d57c];
_0x45079a[_0x52d57c] = _0x105f59;
}
_0x2d67ec = 0x0;
_0x52d57c = 0x0;
for (var _0x4e5ce2 = 0x0; _0x4e5ce2 < _0x401af1['length']; _0x4e5ce2++) {
_0x2d67ec = (_0x2d67ec + 0x1) % 0x100;
_0x52d57c = (_0x52d57c + _0x45079a[_0x2d67ec]) % 0x100;
_0x105f59 = _0x45079a[_0x2d67ec];
_0x45079a[_0x2d67ec] = _0x45079a[_0x52d57c];
_0x45079a[_0x52d57c] = _0x105f59;
_0x3fd789 += String['fromCharCode'](_0x401af1['charCodeAt'](_0x4e5ce2) ^ _0x45079a[(_0x45079a[_0x2d67ec] + _0x45079a[_0x52d57c]) % 0x100]);
}
return _0x3fd789;
};
_0x55f3['rc4'] = _0x232678;
}
if (!_0x55f3['data']) {
_0x55f3['data'] = {};
}
if (_0x55f3['data'][_0x4c97f0] === undefined) {
if (!_0x55f3['once']) {
var _0x5f325c = function(_0x23a392) {
this['rc4Bytes'] = _0x23a392;
this['states'] = [0x1, 0x0, 0x0];
this['newState'] = function() {
return 'newState';
};
this['firstState'] = '\w+ *\(\) *{\w+ *';
this['secondState'] = '['|"].+['|"];? *}';
};
_0x5f325c['prototype']['checkState'] = function() {
var _0x19f809 = new RegExp(this['firstState'] + this['secondState']);
return this['runState'](_0x19f809['test'](this['newState']['toString']()) ? --this['states'][0x1] : --this['states'][0x0]);
};
_0x5f325c['prototype']['runState'] = function(_0x4380bd) {
if (!Boolean(~_0x4380bd)) {
return _0x4380bd;
}
return this['getState'](this['rc4Bytes']);
};
_0x5f325c['prototype']['getState'] = function(_0x58d85e) {
for (var _0x1c9f5b = 0x0, _0x1ce9e0 = this['states']['length']; _0x1c9f5b < _0x1ce9e0; _0x1c9f5b++) {
this['states']['push'](Math['round'](Math['random']()));
_0x1ce9e0 = this['states']['length'];
}
return _0x58d85e(this['states'][0x0]);
};
new _0x5f325c(_0x55f3)['checkState']();
_0x55f3['once'] = !! [];
}
_0x48181e = _0x55f3['rc4'](_0x48181e, _0x1742fd);
_0x55f3['data'][_0x4c97f0] = _0x48181e;
} else {
_0x48181e = _0x55f3['data'][_0x4c97f0];
}
return _0x48181e;
};
var arg3 = null;
var arg4 = null;
var arg5 = null;
var arg6 = null;
var arg7 = null;
var arg8 = null;
var arg9 = null;
var arg10 = null;
var l = function() {
while (window[_0x55f3('0x1', 'XMW^')] || window['__phantomas']) {};
var _0x5e8b26 = _0x55f3('0x3', 'jS1Y');
String[_0x55f3('0x5', 'n]fR')][_0x55f3('0x6', 'Pg54')] = function(_0x4e08d8) {
var _0x5a5d3b = '';
for (var _0xe89588 = 0x0; _0xe89588 < this[_0x55f3('0x8', ')hRc')] && _0xe89588 < _0x4e08d8[_0x55f3('0xa', 'jE&^')]; _0xe89588 += 0x2) {
var _0x401af1 = parseInt(this[_0x55f3('0xb', 'V2KE')](_0xe89588, _0xe89588 + 0x2), 0x10);
var _0x105f59 = parseInt(_0x4e08d8[_0x55f3('0xd', 'XMW^')](_0xe89588, _0xe89588 + 0x2), 0x10);
var _0x189e2c = (_0x401af1 ^ _0x105f59)[_0x55f3('0xf', 'W1FE')](0x10);
if (_0x189e2c[_0x55f3('0x11', 'MGrv')] == 0x1) {
_0x189e2c = '0' + _0x189e2c;
}
_0x5a5d3b += _0x189e2c;
}
return _0x5a5d3b;
};
String['prototype'][_0x55f3('0x14', 'Z*DM')] = function() {
var _0x4b082b = [0xf, 0x23, 0x1d, 0x18, 0x21, 0x10, 0x1, 0x26, 0xa, 0x9, 0x13, 0x1f, 0x28, 0x1b, 0x16, 0x17, 0x19, 0xd, 0x6, 0xb, 0x27, 0x12, 0x14, 0x8, 0xe, 0x15, 0x20, 0x1a, 0x2, 0x1e, 0x7, 0x4, 0x11, 0x5, 0x3, 0x1c, 0x22, 0x25, 0xc, 0x24];
var _0x4da0dc = [];
var _0x12605e = '';
for (var _0x20a7bf = 0x0; _0x20a7bf < this['length']; _0x20a7bf++) {
var _0x385ee3 = this[_0x20a7bf];
for (var _0x217721 = 0x0; _0x217721 < _0x4b082b[_0x55f3('0x16', 'aH*N')]; _0x217721++) {
if (_0x4b082b[_0x217721] == _0x20a7bf + 0x1) {
_0x4da0dc[_0x217721] = _0x385ee3;
}
}
}
_0x12605e = _0x4da0dc['join']('');
return _0x12605e;
};
var _0x23a392 = arg1[_0x55f3('0x19', 'Pg54')]();
arg2 = _0x23a392[_0x55f3('0x1b', 'z5O&')](_0x5e8b26);
setTimeout('reload(arg2)', 0x2);
};
var _0x4db1c = function() {
function _0x355d23(_0x450614) {
if (('' + _0x450614 / _0x450614)[_0x55f3('0x1c', 'V2KE')] !== 0x1 || _0x450614 % 0x14 === 0x0) {
(function() {}[_0x55f3('0x1d', 'CNUY')]((undefined + '')[0x2] + ( !! [] + '')[0x3] + ([][_0x55f3('0x1e', 'w8PR')]() + '')[0x2] + (undefined + '')[0x0] + (![] + [0x0] + String)[0x14] + (![] + [0x0] + String)[0x14] + ( !! [] + '')[0x3] + ( !! [] + '')[0x1])());
} else {
(function() {}['constructor']((undefined + '')[0x2] + ( !! [] + '')[0x3] + ([][_0x55f3('0x1f', 'L$(D')]() + '')[0x2] + (undefined + '')[0x0] + (![] + [0x0] + String)[0x14] + (![] + [0x0] + String)[0x14] + ( !! [] + '')[0x3] + ( !! [] + '')[0x1])());
}
_0x355d23(++_0x450614);
}
try {
_0x355d23(0x0);
} catch (_0x54c483) {}
};
if (function() {
var _0x470d8f = function() {
var _0x4c97f0 = !! [];
return function(_0x1742fd, _0x4db1c) {
var _0x48181e = _0x4c97f0 ?
function() {
if (_0x4db1c) {
var _0x55f3be = _0x4db1c['apply'](_0x1742fd, arguments);
_0x4db1c = null;
return _0x55f3be;
}
} : function() {};
_0x4c97f0 = ![];
return _0x48181e;
};
}();
var _0x501fd7 = _0x470d8f(this, function() {
var _0x4c97f0 = function() {
return 'dev';
},
_0x1742fd = function() {
return 'window';
};
var _0x55f3be = function() {
var _0x3ad9a1 = new RegExp('\w+ *\(\) *{\w+ *['|"].+['|"];? *}');
return !_0x3ad9a1['test'](_0x4c97f0['toString']());
};
var _0x1b93ad = function() {
var _0x20bf34 = new RegExp('(\\[x|u](\w){2,4})+');
return _0x20bf34['test'](_0x1742fd['toString']());
};
var _0x5afe31 = function(_0x178627) {
var _0x1a0f04 = ~ - 0x1 >> 0x1 + 0xff % 0x0;
if (_0x178627['indexOf']('i' === _0x1a0f04)) {
_0xd79219(_0x178627);
}
};
var _0xd79219 = function(_0x5792f7) {
var _0x4e08d8 = ~ - 0x4 >> 0x1 + 0xff % 0x0;
if (_0x5792f7['indexOf'](( !! [] + '')[0x3]) !== _0x4e08d8) {
_0x5afe31(_0x5792f7);
}
};
if (!_0x55f3be()) {
if (!_0x1b93ad()) {
_0x5afe31('indеxOf');
} else {
_0x5afe31('indexOf');
}
} else {
_0x5afe31('indеxOf');
}
});
_0x501fd7();
var _0x3a394d = function() {
var _0x1ab151 = !! [];
return function(_0x372617, _0x42d229) {
var _0x3b3503 = _0x1ab151 ?
function() {
if (_0x42d229) {
var _0x7086d9 = _0x42d229[_0x55f3('0x21', 'KN)F')](_0x372617, arguments);
_0x42d229 = null;
return _0x7086d9;
}
} : function() {};
_0x1ab151 = ![];
return _0x3b3503;
};
}();
var _0x5b6351 = _0x3a394d(this, function() {
var _0x46cbaa = Function(_0x55f3('0x22', '&hZY') + _0x55f3('0x23', 'aH*N') + ');');
var _0x1766ff = function() {};
var _0x9b5e29 = _0x46cbaa();
_0x9b5e29[_0x55f3('0x26', 'aH*N')]['log'] = _0x1766ff;
_0x9b5e29[_0x55f3('0x29', 'V%YR')][_0x55f3('0x2a', 'P^Eq')] = _0x1766ff;
_0x9b5e29[_0x55f3('0x2c', 'lgM0')][_0x55f3('0x2d', 'L$(D')] = _0x1766ff;
_0x9b5e29[_0x55f3('0x2f', 'CZc8')][_0x55f3('0x30', 'Wu6%')] = _0x1766ff;
});
_0x5b6351();
try {
return !!window['addEventListener'];
} catch (_0x35538d) {
return ![];
}
}()) {
document[_0x55f3('0x33', 'V%YR')](_0x55f3('0x34', 'yApz'), l, ![]);
} else {
document[_0x55f3('0x36', 'yApz')](_0x55f3('0x37', 'L$(D'), l);
}
_0x4db1c();
setInterval(function() {
_0x4db1c();
}, 0xfa0);
function setCookie(name, value) {
var expiredate = new Date();
expiredate.setTime(expiredate.getTime() + (3600 * 1000));
document.cookie = name + "=" + value + ";expires=" + expiredate.toGMTString() + ";max-age=3600;path=/";
}
function reload(x) {
setCookie("acw_sc__v2", x);
document.location.reload();
} < /script></html >
上面是格式后的js。为什么叫混淆函数，一是使用了十六进制数混淆，二是有用的代码的确不多。我们从最后两个函数看起，一个是reload(x)，一个是setCookie()。
reload()调用setCookie(),生成key=acw_sc__v2，value=x的cookie，然后通过document.location.reload()来刷新网页。那么关键来了，到底是谁生成x并调用的reload()？
我们搜索上面的代码，发现了以下三行核心代码：
var _0x23a392 = arg1[_0x55f3('0x19', 'Pg54')]();
arg2 = _0x23a392[_0x55f3('0x1b', 'z5O&')](_0x5e8b26);
setTimeout('reload(arg2)', 0x2);
这三行代码中arg1是个字符串，_0x55f3是个方法名，arg2就是cookie中的value，理清之间的调用关系计算出arg2。
这个混淆js是非常有意思的，涉及的js基础知识比较多，想要搞定主要还是依赖于debug和控制台。
结语
本文主要以技术介绍为主，也不难看出，做爬虫还是需要有一丢丢丢前端功底的。如果你问我，既不想搞懂还想解决js加密行不行啊？我只想告诉你：程序员不能说不行。方法是有的，但是终究需要依赖第三方服务或者插件。
当然，很多网站都会有自己独特的js加密方式，反爬技术的花样也是层出不穷。有兴趣的也可以一起探讨学习。
爬虫基础篇完结于此。开始着手准备爬虫框架scrapy系列的写作了，期待下一次相遇。
95后小程序员，写的都是日常工作中的亲身实践，置身于初学者的角度从0写到1，保证能够真正让大家看懂。
文章会在公众号 [入门到放弃之路] 首发，期待你的关注。
