CRUD是Create(创建)、Read(读取)、Update(更新)和Delete(删除)的缩写,它是普通应用程序的缩影。如果您掌握了某框架的CRUD编写,那么意味可以使用该框架创建普通应用程序了,所以大家使用新框架开发OLTP(Online Transaction Processing)应用程序时,首先会研究一下如何编写CRUD。这类似于大家在学习新编程语言时喜欢编写“Hello World”。
本文旨在讲述Struts 2上的CRUD开发,所以为了例子的简单易懂,我不会花时间在数据库的操作上。取而代之的是一个模拟数据库的哈希表(Hash Map)。
具体实现
首先,让我们看看的“冒牌”的DAO(Data Access Object,数据访问对象),代码如下:
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package tutorial.dao;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import tutorial.model.Book;
public class BookDao {
private static final BookDao instance;
private static final ConcurrentMap<String, Book> data;
static {
instance = new BookDao();
data = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Book>();
data.put( "978-0735619678" , new Book( "978-0735619678" , "Code Complete, Second Edition" , 32.99 ));
data.put( "978-0596007867" , new Book( "978-0596007867" , "The Art of Project Management" , 35.96 ));
data.put( "978-0201633610" , new Book( "978-0201633610" , "Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software" , 43.19 ));
data.put( "978-0596527341" , new Book( "978-0596527341" , "Information Architecture for the World Wide Web: Designing Large-Scale Web Sites" , 25.19 ));
data.put( "978-0735605350" , new Book( "978-0735605350" , "Software Estimation: Demystifying the Black Art" , 25.19 ));
}
private BookDao() {}
public static BookDao getInstance() {
return instance;
}
public Collection<Book> getBooks() {
return data.values();
}
public Book getBook(String isbn) {
return data.get(isbn);
}
public void storeBook(Book book) {
data.put(book.getIsbn(), book);
}
public void removeBook(String isbn) {
data.remove(isbn);
}
public void removeBooks(String[] isbns) {
for (String isbn : isbns) {
data.remove(isbn);
}
}
}
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清单1 src/tutorial/dao/BookDao.java
以上代码相信不用解释大家也清楚,我使用ConcurrentMap数据结构存储Book对象,这主要是为了方便检索和保存Book对象;另外,我还将data变量设为静态唯一来模拟应用程序的数据库。
接下来是的数据模型Book类,代码如下:
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package tutorial.model;
public class Book {
private String isbn;
private String title;
private double price;
public Book() {
}
public Book(String isbn, String title, double price) {
this .isbn = isbn;
this .title = title;
this .price = price;
}
public String getIsbn() {
return isbn;
}
public void setIsbn(String isbn) {
this .isbn = isbn;
}
public double getPrice() {
return price;
}
public void setPrice( double price) {
this .price = price;
}
public String getTitle() {
return title;
}
public void setTitle(String title) {
this .title = title;
}
}
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清单2 src/tutorial/model/Book.java
Book类有三个属性isbn,、title和price分别代表书籍的编号、名称和价格,其中编号用于唯一标识书籍(相当数据库中的主键)。
然后,我们再来看看Action类的代码:
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package tutorial.action;
import java.util.Collection;
import tutorial.dao.BookDao;
import tutorial.model.Book;
import com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport;
public class BookAction extends ActionSupport {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 872316812305356L;
private String isbn;
private String[] isbns;
private Book book;
private Collection<Book> books;
private BookDao dao = BookDao.getInstance();
public Book getBook() {
return book;
}
public void setBook(Book book) {
this .book = book;
}
public String getIsbn() {
return isbn;
}
public void setIsbn(String isbn) {
this .isbn = isbn;
}
public String[] getIsbns() {
return isbns;
}
public void setIsbns(String[] isbns) {
this .isbns = isbns;
}
public Collection<Book> getBooks() {
return books;
}
public void setBooks(Collection<Book> books) {
this .books = books;
}
public String load() {
book = dao.getBook(isbn);
return SUCCESS;
}
public String list() {
books = dao.getBooks();
return SUCCESS;
}
public String store() {
dao.storeBook(book);
return SUCCESS;
}
public String remove() {
if ( null != isbn) {
dao.removeBook(isbn);
} else {
dao.removeBooks(isbns);
}
return SUCCESS;
}
}
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清单3 src/tutorial/action/BookAction.java
BookAction类中属性isbn用于表示待编辑或删除的书籍的编号,属性isbns用于表示多个待删除的书籍的编号数组,属性book表示当前书籍,属性books则表示当前的书籍列表。BookAction有四个Action方法分别是load、list、store和remove,也即是CRUD都集中在BookAction中实现。
再下来是Action的配置代码:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC
"-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.0//EN"
"http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.0.dtd" >
<struts>
< package name= "Struts2_CRUD_DEMO" extends = "struts-default" namespace= "/Book" >
<action name= "List" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "list" >
<result>List.jsp</result>
</action>
<action name= "Edit" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "load" >
<result>Edit.jsp</result>
</action>
<action name= "Store" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "store" >
<result type= "redirect" >List.action</result>
</action>
<action name= "Remove" class = "tutorial.action.BookAction" method= "remove" >
<result type= "redirect" >List.action</result>
</action>
</ package >
</struts>
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清单4 src/struts.xml
以上的配置中,我使用了四个Action定义。它们都在“/Book”名值空间内。这样我就可以分别通过“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Edit.action”、“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Store.action”和“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/Remove.action”来调用BookAction的四个Action方法进行CRUD操作。当然,这只是个人喜好,你大可以只定义一个Action(假设其名称为“Book”),之后通过“http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book!list.action”的方式来访问,详细做法请参考《Struts 2.0的Action讲解》。另外,我由于希望在完成编辑或删除之后回到列表页,所以使用类型为redirect(重定向)的result。
下面是列表页面的代码:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %>
<%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" >
<html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head>
<title>Book List</title>
<style type= "text/css" >
table {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
table thead tr th {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 3px;
background-color: #cccccc;
}
table tbody tr td {
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 3px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Book List</h2>
<s:form action= "Remove" theme= "simple" >
<table cellspacing= "0" >
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Select</th>
<th>ISBN</th>
<th>Title</th>
<th>Price</th>
<th>Operation</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<s:iterator value= "books" >
<tr>
<td><input type= "checkbox" name= "isbns" value= '<s:property value="isbn" />' /></td>
<td><s:property value= "isbn" /></td>
<td><s:property value= "title" /></td>
<td>$<s:property value= "price" /></td>
<td>
<a href= '<s:url action="Edit"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' >
Edit
</a>
<a href= '<s:url action="Remove"><s:param name="isbn" value="isbn" /></s:url>' >
Delete
</a>
</td>
</tr>
</s:iterator>
</tbody>
</table>
<s:submit value= "Remove" /><a href= "Edit.jsp" >Add Book</a>
</s:form>
</body>
</html>
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清单5 WebContent/Book/List.jsp
以上代码,值得注意的是在<s:form>标签,我设置了theme属性为“simple”,这样可以取消其默认的表格布局。之前,有些朋友问我“如果不希望提交按钮放在右边应该怎样做?”,上述做汗是答案之一。当然,更佳的做法自定义一个theme,并将其设为默认应用到整个站点,如此一来就可以得到统一的站点风格。我会在以后的文章中会对此作详细的描述。
编辑或添加书籍的页面代码如下:
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<%@ page language= "java" contentType= "text/html; charset=utf-8" pageEncoding= "utf-8" %>
<%@ taglib prefix= "s" uri= "/struts-tags" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd" >
<html xmlns= "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" >
<head>
<title>Book</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>
<s: if test= "null == book" >
Add Book
</s: if >
<s: else >
Edit Book
</s: else >
</h2>
<s:form action= "Store" >
<s:textfield name= "book.isbn" label= "ISBN" />
<s:textfield name= "book.title" label= "Title" />
<s:textfield name= "book.price" label= "Price" />
<s:submit />
</s:form>
</body>
</html>
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清单6 WebContent/Book/Edit.jsp
如果book为null,则表明该页面用于添加书籍,反之则为编辑页面。
为了方便大家运行示例,我把web.xml的代码也贴出来,如下:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?>
<web-app id= "WebApp_9" version= "2.4"
xmlns= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"
xmlns:xsi= "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation= "http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd" >
<display-name>Struts 2 Fileupload</display-name>
<filter>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<filter- class >
org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.FilterDispatcher
</filter- class >
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>struts2</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>
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清单7 WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml
大功告成,下面发布运行应用程序,在浏览器中键入:http://localhost:8080/Struts2_CRUD/Book/List.action,出现如下图所示页面:
清单8 列表页面
点击“Add Book”,出现如下图所示页面:
清单9 添加书籍页面
后退回到列表页面,点击“Edit”,出现如下图所示页面:
清单10 编辑书籍页面
总结
本文只是粗略地了介绍Struts 2的CRUD实现方法,所以有很多功能没有实现,如国际化和数据校验等。大家可以在上面例子的基础将其完善,当作练习也不错。有不明白的地方欢迎给我留言,小编会及时回复大家的,在此也非常感谢大家对服务器之家网站的支持!