---恢复内容开始---
Request的五种请求方式
方法 |
说明 |
requests.request() |
构造一个请求,支撑以下各方法的基础方法 |
requests.get() |
获取HTML网页的主要方法,对应于HTTP的GET |
requests.head() |
获取HTML网页头信息的方法,对应于HTTP的HEAD |
request.post() |
向HTML网页提交POST请求的方法,对应于HTTP的POST |
request.put() |
向HTML网页提交PUT请求的方法,对应于HTTP的PUT |
request.patch() |
向HTML网页提交局部修改请求,对应于HTTP的PATCH |
request.delete() |
向HTML页面提交删除请求,对应于HTTP的DELETE |
一:request.get():
源码:
def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a GET request. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
""" kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)
requst.get()源码
参数解析及使用
import requests
r=requests.request('post','http://www.oldboyedu.com',params={'k1':'python'})
print(r.url)
#https://www.oldboyedu.com/?k1=python
get参数使用
response对象的属性
属性 | 说明 |
---|---|
r.status_code | HTTP请求的返回状态,200表示连接成功,404表示失败 |
r.text | HTTP响应内容的字符串形式,即,url对应的页面内容 |
r.encoding | 从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容编码方式 |
r.apparent_encoding | 从内容分析出的响应内容编码方式(备选编码方式) |
r.content | HTTP响应内容的二进制形式 |
r.json | 返回json数据 |
r.request | 返回请求方式 |
r.headers | 返回请求头 |
r.cookies | 返回cookie |
理解Response的编码
属性 | 说明 |
---|---|
r.encoding | 从HTTP header中猜测的响应内容编码方式 |
r.apparent_encoding | 从内容中分析出的响应内容编码方式(备选编码方式) |
r.encoding:如果header中不存在charset,则认为编码为ISO-8859-1
r.apparent_encoding:根据网页内容分析出的编码方式。
理解Requests库的异常
异常 | 说明 |
---|---|
requests.ConnectionError | 网络连接错误异常,如DNS查询失败、拒绝连接等 |
requests.HTTPError | HTTP错误异常 |
requests.URLRequired | URL缺失异常 |
requests.TooMangRedirects | 超过最大重定向次数,产生重定向异常 |
requests.ConnectTimeout | 连接远程服务器超时异常 |
requests.Timeout | 请求URL超时,产生超时异常 |
r.raise_for_status() | 如果不是200,产生异常requests.HTTPError |
更多参数
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a -tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, -tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a -tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
request.request()的参数
参数运用
- params
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节(ascii编码以内) # requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3") # requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
params参数
- json
# 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串,json.dumps(...)
# 然后发送到服务器端的body中,并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
json参数
- headers
# 发送请求头到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
)
header参数
- cookies
# 发送Cookie到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
)
cookies
- files
# 发送文件
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict) # 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict) # 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict) # 发送文件,定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': ''})
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
files
- auth
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
# ret.encoding = 'gbk'
# print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
# print(ret)
#
auth参数
- timeout
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=)
# print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(, ))
# print(ret)
pass
第一个时间为链接时间,第二个时间为服务器发送第一个数据的时间
tineout
- allow-redirects:是否允许重定向
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=)
# print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(, ))
# print(ret)
pass
allow_redirects
- proxies:设置代理
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# 'http': '77.75.105.165',
# 'https': '77.75.105.165'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
proxies
- stream:相当于下一点保存一点
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close() # from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此处理响应。
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
stream
- verify:指定是否进行https认证
requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org',verify=False)
- cert是保存本地ssl证书路径的字段
requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org',cert=('/path/client.cert','/path/client.key'))
其中data参数中的数据型类型只能是字符串,列表,数字,文件,不可以再数据里提交字典
json参数中的数据类型可以试字符串,列表,数字,还有字典,可序列化对象
requests库的session对象能够帮我们跨请求保持某些参数,也会在同一个session实例发出的所有请求之间保持cookies
参考: