EEG: electrode positions & Broadmann atlas

Source: http://www.brainm.com/software/pubs/dg/BA_10-20_ROI_Talairach/nearesteeg.htm

Area LEFT RIGHT ba01 C3 C4 ba02 C3 C4 ba03 C3 C4 ba04 C3 C4 ba05 C1 CP2 ba06 FC3 FC4 ba07 P1 P2 ba08 F1 F2 ba09 AF3 AF4 ba10 FP1 FP2 ba11 AF7 FPz ba17 O1 O2 ba18 O1 O2 ba19 PO7 PO4 ba20 FT9 FT10

Area LEFT RIGHT ba21 T7 T8 ba22 T7 T8 ba23 Pz Pz ba24 F1 F2 ba31 Pz Pz ba32 F1 AFz ba37 P7 P8 ba38 FT9 FT10 ba39 P5 P6 ba40 CP3 CP4 ba41 C5 T8 ba42 T7 C6 BROCA/44R F5 FC6 ba45   F8 ba46 AF7 F6 ba47 F7 F8

* limited to SKIL Brodmann montage areas

- Closest Brodmann area to each 10-10 electrode 

ELECTRODE SITE FP1 ba10L FPz ba10L FP2 ba10R AF7 ba46L AF3 ba09L AFz ba09L AF4 ba09R AF8 ba46R F7 ba47L F5 ba46L F3 ba08L F1 ba08L Fz ba08L F2 ba08R F4 ba08R F6 ba46R F8 ba45R FT9 ba20L FT7 ba47L FC5 BROCLA FC3 ba06L FC1 ba06L

ELECTRODE SITE FCz ba06R FC2 ba06R FC4 ba06R FC6 ba44R FT8 ba47R FT10 ba20R T7 ba42L C5 ba42L C3 ba02L C1 ba05L Cz ba05L C2 ba05R C4 ba01R C6 ba41R T8 ba21R TP7 ba21L CP5 ba40L CP3 ba02L CP1 ba05L CPz ba05R CP2 ba05R

ELECTRODE SITE CP4 ba40R CP6 ba40R TP8 ba21R P9 ba20L P7 ba37L P5 ba39L P3 ba39L P1 ba07L Pz ba07R P2 ba07R P4 ba39R P6 ba39R P8 ba37R P10 ba37R PO7 ba19L PO3 ba19L POz ba17L PO4 ba19R PO8 ba19R O1 ba18L Oz ba17R O2 ba18R

* limited to SKIL Brodmann montage areas

- The anatomical gyral names of the various Brodmann areas

Recall that there is a Brodmann area in both left and right hemisphere, the homologues.

Gyrus (Functional name)

1-3 – intermediate, caudal, and rostral postcentral (Primary Somatosensory Cortex) 
4 - gigantopyramidal (Primary Motor Cortex) 
5 - preparietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex) 
6 - agranular frontal (Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex) 
7 - superior parietal (Somatosensory Association Cortex) 
8 - intermediate frontal (includes Frontal eye fields) 
9 - granular frontal (Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLFC)
10 - frontopolar (DLFC) 
11 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal) 
12 - prefrontal (Orbitofrontal) 
17 - striate (Primary visual cortex, V1) 
18 - parastriate (Secondary visual cortex, V2) 
19 - peristriate (Tertiary or Associative visual cortex, V3) 
20 - inferior temporal 
21 - middle temporal 
22 - superior temporal (caudal section considered Wernicke's area by most) 
23 - ventral posterior cingulate 
24 - ventral anterior cingulate 
31 - dorsal posterior cingulate 
32 - dorsal anterior cingulate 
37 - occipitotemporal 
38 - temporopolar (temporal pole) 
39 – angular 
40 - supramarginal 
41-42 – ant. & posterior transverse temporal 
44 - opercular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere) 
45 - triangular (part of Broca's area on left hemisphere) 
46 - middle frontal 
47 - orbital

- EXCLUDED FROM SKIL BRODMANN MONTAGE due to small size and distance from scalp 
13 - insular 
25 - subgenual 
26 - ectosplenial 
28 - entorhinal 
29 - granular retrolimbic 
30 - agranular retrolimbic 
33 - pregenual 
34 - dorsal entorhinal 
35 - perirhinal 
36 - ectorhinal 
43 - subcentral 
48 - retrosubicular 
52 - parainsular

14, 15, 16, 27, 49, 50, 51 - monkey only Distance in mm. If you have a finding at an electrode, this table tells you which BA is closest

- 2nd table: If you have a BA you want to change, here is the electrode which is closest, distance in mm.

FP1	10L,9L,46L,11L,32L
FPz	10L,10R,9L,9R,11R
FP2	10R,9R,46R,11R,45R
AF7	46L,10L,45L,9L,11L
AF3	9L,46L,8L,10L,45L
AFz	9L,9R,32R,32L,8L
AF4	9R,46R,8R,10R,45R
AF8	46R,10R,45R,9R,47R
F7	45L,47L,46L,44L,38L
F5	45L,46L,44L,47L,9L
F3	8L,6L,44L,45L,46L
F1	8L,6L,9L,32L,24L
Fz	8L,8R,32L,24L,6R
F2	8R,6R,9R,32R,24R
F4	8R,9R,6R,44R,46R
F6	46R,44R,45R,9R,8R
F8	45R,47R,46R,44R,38R
FT9	38L,20L,21L,47L,22L
FT7	44L,47L,22L,38L,21L
FC5	44L,45L,22L,42L,41L
FC3	6L,4L,3L,44L,2L
FC1	6L,4L,5L,1L,2L
FCz	6R,5L,6L,4L,5R
FC2	6R,4R,8R,2R,1R
FC4	6R,4R,44R,3R,2R
FC6	44R,45R,41R,22R,42R
FT8	47R,38R,44R,21R,22R
FT10	38R,20R,21R,47R,22R
T7	21L,42L,22L,41L,20L
C5	42L,41L,22L,40L,3L
C3	2L,4L,1L,3L,40L
C1	5L,2L,4L,1L,6L
Cz	5L,5R,1R,1L,4L
C2	5R,1R,2R,4R,6R
C4	4R,2R,1R,3R,40R
C6	42R,41R,22R,3R,40R
T8	21R,22R,41R,42R,20R
TP7	21L,42L,22L,37L,41L
CP5	40L,39L,41L,42L,22L
CP3	40L,2L,1L,7L,3L
CP1	5L,7L,2L,1L,31L
CPz	5L,5R,7R,7L,31L
CP2	5R,7R,1R,2R,40R
CP4	40R,1R,2R,5R,3R
CP6	40R,42R,39R,22R,41R
TP8	37R,21R,22R,42R,20R
P9	20L,37L,21L,22L,42L
P7	37L,39L,19L,21L,41L
P5	39L,19L,37L,40L,41L
P3	39L,7L,19L,40L,2L
P1	7L,31L,5L,7R,39L
Pz	7R,7L,31R,31L,5R
P2	7R,31R,5R,19R,39R
P4	39R,40R,7R,19R,1R
P6	39R,19R,37R,40R,42R
P8	37R,39R,19R,42R,22R
P10	20R,37R,21R,22R,41R
PO7	19L,18L,37L,39L,17L
PO3	19L,39L,18L,17L,7L
POz	17R,17L,18R,18L,7R
PO4	19R,39R,18R,17R,7R
PO8	19R,18R,39R,37R,17R
O1	18L,17L,19L,17R,39L
Oz	17R,17L,18L,18R,19R
O2	18R,17R,19R,17L,39R

1L	C3,C1,CP3,CP1,FC3
2L	C3,CP3,C1,CP1,FC3
3L	C3,C5,CP3,FC3,FC5
4L	C3,FC3,C1,FC1,CP3
5L	C1,CP1,CPz,Cz,C3
6L	FC3,FC1,F3,F1,C3
7L	P1,CP1,P3,Pz,CP3
8L	F1,F3,AF3,Fz,AFz
9L	AF3,AFz,FP1,AF7,F3
10L	FP1,AF7,FPz,AF3,AFz
11L	AF7,F7,FP1,FPz,AF3
17L	Oz,O1,POz,PO3,PO7
18L	O1,Oz,PO7,PO3,POz
19L	PO7,PO3,P5,O1,P7
20L	FT9,T7,P9,TP7,FT7
21L	T7,TP7,FT7,C5,CP5
22L	T7,C5,TP7,FT7,CP5
23L	Pz,P1,CP1,POz,P3
24L	F1,Fz,F3,AFz,F2
31L	Pz,CP1,P1,CPz,CP3
32L	AFz,F1,Fz,AF3,F3
37L	P7,TP7,PO7,P5,P9
38L	FT9,FT7,F7,T7,F5
39L	P5,CP5,P3,P7,PO3
40L	CP3,CP5,C3,C5,P3
41L	C5,CP5,T7,TP7,FC5
42L	T7,C5,TP7,CP5,FT7
44L	FC5,F5,FT7,F7,F3
45L	F5,F7,AF7,FC5,FT7
46L	AF7,F5,F7,AF3,F3
47L	F7,FT7,AF7,F5,FT9
1R	C4,C2,CP4,CP2,FC2
2R	C4,C2,CP4,CP2,FC4
3R	C4,C6,CP4,FC4,CP6
4R	C4,FC4,C2,FC2,C6
5R	CP2,C2,CP4,CPz,C4
6R	FC2,FC4,F2,F4,C4
7R	P2,Pz,CP2,P4,CPz
8R	F2,F4,AF4,Fz,F6
9R	AF4,AFz,F4,FP2,AF8
10R	FP2,AF8,FPz,AF4,F8
11R	FPz,FP2,AF8,F8,FP1
17R	Oz,O2,POz,PO4,PO8
18R	O2,Oz,PO8,PO4,POz
19R	PO4,PO8,P6,O2,P4
20R	T8,FT10,TP8,P10,FT8
21R	T8,TP8,FT8,FT10,C6
22R	T8,C6,TP8,CP6,FT8
23R	Pz,P2,POz,CP2,P1
24R	F2,Fz,F4,AFz,F1
31R	Pz,P2,CP2,POz,CPz
32R	AFz,F2,Fz,AF4,FPz
37R	P8,TP8,PO8,P6,P10
38R	FT10,FT8,F8,T8,F6
39R	P6,PO4,P4,P8,PO8
40R	CP4,CP6,C4,P4,C6
41R	T8,C6,CP6,TP8,FT8
42R	C6,CP6,T8,TP8,FC6
44R	FC6,F6,F8,FC4,FT8
45R	F8,F6,AF8,FT8,AF4
46R	F6,AF8,F8,AF4,F4
47R	F8,FT8,AF8,FT10,F6

FP1	ba10L	14	ba09L	28	ba46L	37	ba11L	38	ba32L	47
FPz	ba10L	25	ba10R	27	ba09L	34	ba09R	36	ba11R	38
FP2	ba10R	16	ba09R	29	ba46R	35	ba11R	39	ba45R	43
AF7	ba46L	16	ba10L	22	ba45L	28	ba09L	29	ba11L	32
AF3	ba09L	15	ba46L	23	ba08L	25	ba10L	30	ba45L	32
AFz	ba09L	26	ba09R	27	ba32R	33	ba32L	33	ba08L	34
AF4	ba09R	14	ba46R	21	ba08R	27	ba10R	29	ba45R	32
AF8	ba46R	18	ba10R	20	ba45R	26	ba09R	29	ba47R	35
F7	ba45L	13	ba47L	15	ba46L	17	ba44L	27	ba38L	32
F5	ba45L	13	ba46L	17	ba44L	19	ba47L	33	ba09L	36
F3	ba08L	21	ba06L	26	ba44L	30	ba45L	31	ba46L	32
F1	ba08L	13	ba06L	28	ba09L	32	ba32L	36	ba24L	36
Fz	ba08L	27	ba08R	32	ba32L	37	ba24L	38	ba06R	38
F2	ba08R	16	ba06R	27	ba09R	31	ba32R	38	ba24R	39
F4	ba08R	18	ba09R	28	ba06R	28	ba44R	28	ba46R	28
F6	ba46R	16	ba44R	19	ba45R	19	ba09R	32	ba08R	32
F8	ba45R	14	ba47R	16	ba46R	19	ba44R	27	ba38R	30
FT9	ba38L	22	ba20L	26	ba21L	35	ba47L	37	ba22L	41
FT7	ba44L	26	ba47L	29	ba22L	29	ba38L	29	ba21L	30
FC5	ba44L	13	ba45L	29	ba22L	34	ba42L	34	ba41L	34
FC3	ba06L	19	ba04L	21	ba03L	31	ba44L	31	ba02L	34
FC1	ba06L	24	ba04L	24	ba05L	34	ba01L	35	ba02L	36
FCz	ba06R	37	ba05L	41	ba06L	42	ba04L	44	ba05R	44
FC2	ba06R	20	ba04R	29	ba08R	36	ba02R	36	ba01R	37
FC4	ba06R	21	ba04R	21	ba44R	28	ba03R	33	ba02R	34
FC6	ba44R	12	ba45R	33	ba41R	33	ba22R	34	ba42R	34
FT8	ba47R	25	ba38R	27	ba44R	28	ba21R	28	ba22R	31
FT10	ba38R	24	ba20R	27	ba21R	30	ba47R	36	ba22R	43
T7	ba21L	14	ba42L	15	ba22L	16	ba41L	25	ba20L	27
C5	ba42L	19	ba41L	20	ba22L	22	ba40L	25	ba03L	27
C3	ba02L	16	ba04L	17	ba01L	20	ba03L	21	ba40L	25
C1	ba05L	16	ba02L	23	ba04L	23	ba01L	23	ba06L	37
Cz	ba05L	29	ba05R	32	ba01R	43	ba01L	44	ba04L	45
C2	ba05R	18	ba01R	23	ba02R	25	ba04R	28	ba06R	34
C4	ba04R	17	ba02R	19	ba01R	22	ba03R	22	ba40R	26
C6	ba42R	19	ba41R	22	ba22R	23	ba03R	28	ba40R	29
T8	ba21R	13	ba22R	18	ba41R	21	ba42R	23	ba20R	26
TP7	ba21L	20	ba42L	23	ba22L	25	ba37L	25	ba41L	28
CP5	ba40L	20	ba39L	21	ba41L	23	ba42L	25	ba22L	29
CP3	ba40L	19	ba02L	20	ba01L	24	ba07L	28	ba03L	30
CP1	ba05L	19	ba07L	20	ba02L	26	ba01L	28	ba31L	37
CPz	ba05L	29	ba05R	30	ba07R	31	ba07L	34	ba31L	39
CP2	ba05R	15	ba07R	23	ba01R	26	ba02R	30	ba40R	38
CP4	ba40R	15	ba01R	25	ba02R	25	ba05R	29	ba03R	30
CP6	ba40R	20	ba42R	22	ba39R	28	ba22R	28	ba41R	29
TP8	ba37R	22	ba21R	24	ba22R	27	ba42R	27	ba20R	28
P9	ba20L	29	ba37L	35	ba21L	42	ba22L	52	ba42L	53
P7	ba37L	17	ba39L	24	ba19L	27	ba21L	39	ba41L	40
P5	ba39L	9	ba19L	21	ba37L	29	ba40L	34	ba41L	40
P3	ba39L	23	ba07L	24	ba19L	31	ba40L	33	ba02L	39
P1	ba07L	15	ba31L	38	ba05L	40	ba07R	41	ba39L	41
Pz	ba07R	21	ba07L	26	ba31R	33	ba31L	36	ba05R	41
P2	ba07R	15	ba31R	35	ba05R	36	ba19R	38	ba39R	39
P4	ba39R	22	ba40R	28	ba07R	29	ba19R	30	ba01R	39
P6	ba39R	10	ba19R	24	ba37R	29	ba40R	32	ba42R	39
P8	ba37R	16	ba39R	24	ba19R	31	ba42R	40	ba22R	42
P10	ba20R	32	ba37R	32	ba21R	42	ba22R	54	ba41R	56
PO7	ba19L	18	ba18L	25	ba37L	26	ba39L	29	ba17L	35
PO3	ba19L	19	ba39L	28	ba18L	28	ba17L	31	ba07L	37
POz	ba17R	30	ba17L	30	ba18R	36	ba18L	36	ba07R	37
PO4	ba19R	15	ba39R	20	ba18R	28	ba17R	33	ba07R	37
PO8	ba19R	22	ba18R	24	ba39R	26	ba37R	27	ba17R	34
O1	ba18L	12	ba17L	15	ba19L	23	ba17R	37	ba39L	41
Oz	ba17R	12	ba17L	13	ba18L	24	ba18R	24	ba19R	40
O2	ba18R	12	ba17R	15	ba19R	26	ba17L	36	ba39R	38

---

ba01L	C3	20	C1	23	CP3	24	CP1	28	FC3	34
ba02L	C3	16	CP3	20	C1	23	CP1	26	FC3	34
ba03L	C3	21	C5	27	CP3	30	FC3	31	FC5	34
ba04L	C3	17	FC3	21	C1	23	FC1	24	CP3	36
ba05L	C1	16	CP1	19	CPz	29	Cz	29	C3	32
ba06L	FC3	19	FC1	24	F3	26	F1	28	C3	32
ba07L	P1	15	CP1	20	P3	24	Pz	26	CP3	28
ba08L	F1	13	F3	21	AF3	25	Fz	27	AFz	34
ba09L	AF3	15	AFz	26	FP1	28	AF7	29	F3	32
ba10L	FP1	14	AF7	22	FPz	25	AF3	30	AFz	39
ba11L	AF7	32	F7	34	FP1	38	FPz	46	AF3	49
ba17L	Oz	13	O1	15	POz	30	PO3	31	PO7	35
ba18L	O1	12	Oz	24	PO7	25	PO3	28	POz	36
ba19L	PO7	18	PO3	19	P5	21	O1	23	P7	27
ba20L	FT9	26	T7	27	P9	29	TP7	30	FT7	37
ba21L	T7	14	TP7	20	FT7	30	C5	32	CP5	34
ba22L	T7	16	C5	22	TP7	25	FT7	29	CP5	29
ba23L	Pz	43	P1	45	CP1	47	POz	47	P3	49
ba24L	F1	36	Fz	38	F3	41	AFz	44	F2	44
ba31L	Pz	36	CP1	37	P1	38	CPz	39	CP3	44
ba32L	AFz	33	F1	36	Fz	37	AF3	38	F3	41
ba37L	P7	17	TP7	25	PO7	26	P5	29	P9	35
ba38L	FT9	22	FT7	29	F7	32	T7	45	F5	50
ba39L	P5	9	CP5	21	P3	23	P7	24	PO3	28
ba40L	CP3	19	CP5	20	C3	25	C5	25	P3	33
ba41L	C5	20	CP5	23	T7	25	TP7	28	FC5	34
ba42L	T7	15	C5	19	TP7	23	CP5	25	FT7	31
ba44L	FC5	13	F5	19	FT7	26	F7	27	F3	30
ba45L	F5	13	F7	13	AF7	28	FC5	29	FT7	31
ba46L	AF7	16	F5	17	F7	17	AF3	23	F3	32
ba47L	F7	15	FT7	29	AF7	32	F5	33	FT9	37
ba01R	C4	22	C2	23	CP4	25	CP2	26	FC2	37
ba02R	C4	19	C2	25	CP4	25	CP2	30	FC4	34
ba03R	C4	22	C6	28	CP4	30	FC4	33	CP6	34
ba04R	C4	17	FC4	21	C2	28	FC2	29	C6	35
ba05R	CP2	15	C2	18	CP4	29	CPz	30	C4	32
ba06R	FC2	20	FC4	21	F2	27	F4	28	C4	33
ba07R	P2	15	Pz	21	CP2	23	P4	29	CPz	31
ba08R	F2	16	F4	18	AF4	27	Fz	32	F6	32
ba09R	AF4	14	AFz	27	F4	28	FP2	29	AF8	29
ba10R	FP2	16	AF8	20	FPz	27	AF4	29	F8	38
ba11R	FPz	38	FP2	39	AF8	41	F8	46	FP1	51
ba17R	Oz	12	O2	15	POz	30	PO4	33	PO8	34
ba18R	O2	12	Oz	24	PO8	24	PO4	28	POz	36
ba19R	PO4	15	PO8	22	P6	24	O2	26	P4	30
ba20R	T8	26	FT10	27	TP8	28	P10	32	FT8	38
ba21R	T8	13	TP8	24	FT8	28	FT10	30	C6	36
ba22R	T8	18	C6	23	TP8	27	CP6	28	FT8	31
ba23R	Pz	45	P2	47	POz	47	CP2	49	P1	50
ba24R	F2	39	Fz	39	F4	43	AFz	43	F1	44
ba31R	Pz	33	P2	35	CP2	39	POz	40	CPz	41
ba32R	AFz	33	F2	38	Fz	39	AF4	40	FPz	41
ba37R	P8	16	TP8	22	PO8	27	P6	29	P10	32
ba38R	FT10	24	FT8	27	F8	30	T8	44	F6	49
ba39R	P6	10	PO4	20	P4	22	P8	24	PO8	26
ba40R	CP4	15	CP6	20	C4	26	P4	28	C6	29
ba41R	T8	21	C6	22	CP6	29	TP8	30	FT8	31
ba42R	C6	19	CP6	22	T8	23	TP8	27	FC6	34
ba44R	FC6	12	F6	19	F8	27	FC4	28	FT8	28
ba45R	F8	14	F6	19	AF8	26	FT8	32	AF4	32
ba46R	F6	16	AF8	18	F8	19	AF4	21	F4	28
ba47R	F8	16	FT8	25	AF8	35	FT10	36	F6	36

left	ba01=right thumb activity (WOEXP: 497)!!
left	ba02= Active right middle finger movement versus rest (WOEXP: 268)
left	ba03=imitating symbolic finger movements  (WOEXP: 145)
left	ba04=
left	ba05=
left	ba06=
left	ba07=
left	ba08= Judge basic elements of reading ( Lower/upper case v. syllable WOEXP: 553)
left	ba09=
left	ba10=
left	ba11=
left	ba17= Visual exploration versus saccades (WOEXP: 6)
left	ba18= Verbal numerical notation (WOEXP: 23)
left	ba19=Visual motion (WOEXP: 430)!
left	ba20=Visual categorization (WOEXP: 4)!!
left	ba21=Visual meaningfulness (WOEXP: 164)
left	ba22=
left	ba23=Answering self-reflective v. semantic questions -w/anterior site (WOEXP: 62)
left	ba24=part of pain sensitivity network           (WOEXP: 238)
left	ba31=
left	ba32=Early phase heat pain (WOEXP: 298)
left	ba37=
left	ba38=
left	ba39=Motion verb sentences versus static sentences (WOEXP: 534) !
left	ba40=
left	ba41=
left	ba42=
left	ba44=
left	ba45=Word generation (WOEXP: 32)
left	ba46=
left	ba47=
right	ba01=imperceptible electric finger stimulation (WOEXP: 278)
right	ba02=
right	ba03=
right	ba04=
right	ba05=
right	ba06=
right	ba07=Mental rotation of figures versus object determination or dots counting (WOEXP: 86)
right	ba08= Sensorimotor willed action (WOEXP: 13)
right	ba09=
right	ba10=
right	ba11=
right	ba17=Large line patterns (WOEXP: 101) !!
right	ba18=Verbal numerical notation (WOEXP: 23) !
right	ba19=
right	ba20=Negative interaction between predictable tones and button press (WOEXP: 261) !!
right	ba21=Spatial neglect (WOEXP: 185) !!
right	ba22=
right	ba23=Task-related episodic retrieval versus semantic (WOEXP: 565)
right	ba24=
right	ba31=Correlation with pain intensity (WOEXP: 248) !! Decreases in heat pain in left forearm (WOEXP: 363)
right	ba32=
right	ba37=
right	ba38=
right	ba39=Biological visual motion (WOEXP: 111) !
right	ba40=
right	ba41=Auditory change (WOEXP: 454) ! Chords (WOEXP: 22) !!
right	ba42=
right	ba44= sole right side of network involved in Response competition (WOEXP: 134)
right	ba45=
right	ba46= Decreases during 100 Hz vibration on left forearm (WOEXP: 365)
right	ba47=

=====
Lloyd table 1.3  >8% normalized only, EEG accessible

L 3	13.3	Action.Motor Learning
L 4	11.4	Action.Motor Learning
L 6	8.6	Cognition.Time
L 7	8.3	Action.Motor Learning
L 9	8.0	Cognition.Time
L 17	12.0	Perception.Vision.Color
L 21	12.0	Action.Motor Learning
L 37	9.6	Emotion.Anxiety
L 47	8.9	Cognition.Time
R 1	8.2	Perception.Audition
R 6	8.2	Action.Observation
R 9	9.6	Action.Motor Learning
R 17	8.0	Perception.Vision.Color
R 22	8.0	Perception.Olfaction
R 24	13.3	Action.Motor Learning
R 37	8.6	Perception.Vision.Color
R 38	9.4	Interoception.Sexuality
R 40	9.2	Action.Motor Learning
R 43	17.1	Interoception.Hunger
R 47	9.6	Perception.Olfaction					

cytoarchitecture and neurotransmitter-binding site distributions divide BA 4 into anterior and posterior sites

voluntary movements differently modulate the somatosensory functions of SMA and SM1 (Mima et al., 1999)

=======================================

- Brodmann's Interactive Atlas

Function: Brodmann's Areas

.. Motor
Primary motor: 4, 1, 2, 3
Secondary motor: 6, 8
Motor planning: 6, 13-16; 24, 32-33; 40
Motor Imagery: 5, 7, 4, 6, 8; 24, 32-33
Motor Learning: 4, 1-3, 6, 8; 23, 26, 29-31
Saccadic movements: 4, 5, 7, 6, 8, 17, 18, 19, 46
Inhibition of blinking: 4

.. Sensory
Proprioception: 1-3, 4, 8
Touch, temperature, vibration: 1-3, 4, 5, 7, 13-16
Somatosensory integration: 40

.. Auditory
Basic processing: 41, 42
Complex sounds processing: 21, 22
Auditory Imagery: 8, 9, 10
Familiar voices: 38

.. Visual
Light intensity / patterns: 17, 18, 19
Color discrimination: 17
Visual integration: 20
Visual motion processing: 37

.. Olfaction
General olfaction: 11
Familiar odors: 9, 10; 24, 32-33; 44, 45, 47

.. Language
Comprehension: 22, 20, 21, 37, 39, 40, 5, 7, 6, 9, 10, 23, 26, 29-31, 38, 43, 44, 45,47
Expression: 44, 45, 46, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13-16, 21; 24, 32-33; 47
Prosody comprehension: 22
Reading: 6, 39
Writting: 40

.. Memory
Working Memory: 5, 7, 6, 8, 9, 10, 20; 24, 32-33; 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 47; (27-28, 34-36, 48)
Episodic memory: 6, 44, 45, 47
Retrieval: 8, 9, 10,; 26, 29, 29-31; 24, 32-33; 38, 40
Encoding: (27-28, 34-36, 48); 9, 10;  24, 32-33; 37, 46
Topokinetic: 23, 26, 29-31

.. Attention
Visual: 17, 18,  37
Visuomotor: 5, 7, 6, 8
Visuospatial: 6, 8; 39, 24, 32-33; 45
Selective to sounds: 6, 9, 10,; 24, 32-33
To speech: 20, 22,; 23, 26, 29-31; 38, 47

.. Executive
Planning: 6, 8, 9, 10
Behavioral inhibition: 6, 8, 9, 10, 13-16; 24, 32-33; 39, 40, 44 , 46, 47
Motor inhibition: 24, 32-33, 44, 45, 47

.. Emotion
Experiencing / processing emotion: 38, 46; (27-28, 34-36, 48)
Related to language: 23, 26, 29-31; 25
Emotional stimuli: 9, 10; 24, 32-33
Fear response: 13-16

..Pain
Pain processing: 13-16; 24, 32-33, 5, 7

.. Others
Calculation: 39, 40, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13-16, 46
Theory of mind: 38, 9, 10, 20, 21, 22, 37, 47
Face recognition: 37
Mental time-keeping: 24, 32-33
Sexual arousal: 24, 32-33
Humor comprehension: 38
Music performance: 40
Music enjoyment: 44, 45, 46
Navegational skills: (27-28, 34-36, 48)
Novelty discrimination: (27-28, 34-36, 48)

==========================================

---WOEXP: 4. ----

Neuropsychologia. 2000;38(13):1693-703.

Categorization and category effects in normal object recognition: a PET study.
Gerlach C, Law I, Gade A, Paulson OB.

To investigate the neural correlates of the structural and semantic stages of visual object recognition and to see whether any effects of category could be found at these stages, we compared the rCBF associated with two categorization tasks (subjects decided whether pictures represented artefacts or natural objects), and two object decision tasks (subjects decided whether pictures represented real objects or nonobjects). The categorization tasks differed from each other in that the items presented in the critical scan window were drawn primarily from the category of artefacts in the one task and from the category of natural objects in the other. The same was true for the object decision tasks. The experiment thus comprised a two-by-two factorial design. The factors were Task Type with two levels (object decision vs. categorization) and Category also with two levels (natural objects vs. artefacts). The object decision tasks were associated with activation of areas involved in structural processing (fusiform gyri, right inferior frontal gyrus). In contrast, the categorization tasks were associated with activation of the left inferior temporal gyrus, a structure believed to be involved in semantic processing. In addition, activation of the left premotor cortex was found during the categorization of artefacts compared with both the categorization of natural objects and object decision to artefacts. These findings suggest that the structural and semantic stages are dissociable and that the categorization of artefacts, as opposed to the categorization of natural objects, is based, in part, on action knowledge mediated by the left premotor cortex. However, because artefacts and natural objects often caused activation in the same regions within tasks, processing of these categories is not totally segregated. Rather, the categories differ in their weight on different forms of knowledge in particular tasks.

---164---
Brain. 1997 Oct;120 ( Pt 10):1763-77.

Brain activity during observation of actions. Influence of action content and subject's strategy.
Decety J, Grèzes J, Costes N, Perani D, Jeannerod M, Procyk E, Grassi F, Fazio F.

Processus mentaux et activation cérébrale, Inserm Unit, Bron, France.

PET was used to map brain regions that are associated with the observation of meaningful and meaningless hand actions. Subjects were scanned under four conditions which consisted of visually presented actions. In each of the four experimental conditions, they were instructed to watch the actions with one of two aims: to be able to recognize or to imitate them later. We found that differences in the meaning of the action, irrespective of the strategy used during observation, lead to different patterns of brain activity and clear left/right asymmetries. Meaningful actions strongly engaged the left hemisphere in frontal and temporal regions while meaningless actions involved mainly the right occipitoparietal pathway. Observing with the intent to recognize activated memory-encoding structures. In contrast, observation with the intent to imitate was associated with activation in the regions involved in the planning and in the generation of actions. Thus, the pattern of brain activation during observation of actions is dependent both on the nature of the required executive processing and the type of the extrinsic properties of the action presented.

Observation of meaningful action in order to recognize versus observation of meaningless action. Observation of hand and arm meaningful action such as "opening a bottle", "drawing a line", "sewing a button" showed on a video for later recognition. WOEXP: 164.  

---62---
Brain. 2002 Aug;125(Pt 8):1808-14.

Neural correlates of self-reflection.
Johnson SC, Baxter LC, Wilder LS, Pipe JG, Heiserman JE, Prigatano GP.

Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA. [e-mail]

The capacity to reflect on one's sense of self is an important component of self-awareness. In this paper, we investigate some of the neurocognitive processes underlying reflection on the self using functional MRI. Eleven healthy volunteers were scanned with echoplanar imaging using the blood oxygen level-dependent contrast method. The task consisted of aurally delivered statements requiring a yes-no decision. In the experimental condition, participants responded to a variety of statements requiring knowledge of and reflection on their own abilities, traits and attitudes (e.g. 'I forget important things', 'I'm a good friend', 'I have a quick temper'). In the control condition, participants responded to statements requiring a basic level of semantic knowledge (e.g. 'Ten seconds is more than a minute', 'You need water to live'). The latter condition was intended to control for auditory comprehension, attentional demands, decision-making, the motoric response, and any common retrieval processes. Individual analyses revealed consistent anterior medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate activation for all participants. The overall activity for the group, using a random-effects model, occurred in anterior medial prefrontal cortex (t = 13.0, corrected P = 0.05; x, y, z, 0, 54, 8, respectively) and the posterior cingulate (t = 14.7, P = 0.02; x, y, z, -2, -62, 32, respectively; 967 voxel extent). These data are consistent with lesion studies of impaired awareness, and suggest that the medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex are part of a neural system subserving self-reflective thought.

---238---
Anesthesiology. 2000 May;92(5):1257-67.

Neural mechanisms of antinociceptive effects of hypnosis.
Faymonville ME, Laureys S, Degueldre C, DelFiore G, Luxen A, Franck G, Lamy M, Maquet P.

Departments of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine and Neurology, and the Cyclotron Research Centre, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium. [e-mail]

BACKGROUND: The neural mechanisms underlying the modulation of pain perception by hypnosis remain obscure. In this study, we used positron emission tomography in 11 healthy volunteers to identify the brain areas in which hypnosis modulates cerebral responses to a noxious stimulus. METHODS: The protocol used a factorial design with two factors: state (hypnotic state, resting state, mental imagery) and stimulation (warm non-noxious vs. hot noxious stimuli applied to right thenar eminence). Two cerebral blood flow scans were obtained with the 15O-water technique during each condition. After each scan, the subject was asked to rate pain sensation and unpleasantness. Statistical parametric mapping was used to determine the main effects of noxious stimulation and hypnotic state as well as state-by-stimulation interactions (i.e., brain areas that would be more or less activated in hypnosis than in control conditions, under noxious stimulation). RESULTS: Hypnosis decreased both pain sensation and the unpleasantness of noxious stimuli. Noxious stimulation caused an increase in regional cerebral blood flow in the thalamic nuclei and anterior cingulate and insular cortices. The hypnotic state induced a significant activation of a right-sided extrastriate area and the anterior cingulate cortex. The interaction analysis showed that the activity in the anterior (mid-)cingulate cortex was related to pain perception and unpleasantness differently in the hypnotic state than in control situations. CONCLUSIONS: Both intensity and unpleasantness of the noxious stimuli are reduced during the hypnotic state. In addition, hypnotic modulation of pain is mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex.

---32---
Neuroreport. 1997 Jan 20;8(2):561-5.

FMRI of the prefrontal cortex during overt verbal fluency.
Phelps EA, Hyder F, Blamire AM, Shulman RG.

Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Verbal fluency is known to be associated with activity in the left prefrontal cortex. Recent positron emission tomography (PET) results confirmed this finding. In the present study, high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to further localize activity in the prefrontal cortex related to verbal fluency. Activation was observed in three behavioral tasks: (1) Repeat-subjects repeated words, (2) Opposite-subjects produced the antonym of words, and (3) Generate-subjects generated words beginning with a given letter. When comparing Generate with both Repeat and Opposite, we observed small areas of activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus and anterior cingulate, similar to the centers of mass reported using PET. We also found additional activation around the superior frontal sulcus.

-----278---

Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1864.

Imperceptible stimuli and sensory processing impediment.
Blankenburg F, Taskin B, Ruben J, Moosmann M, Ritter P, Curio G, Villringer A.

Decrease during imperceptible electric finger stimulation. Left index finger 7Hz electric pulse subliminal stimulation versus no stimulation. WOEXP: 278. 

---86---
Neuroimage. 2001 Jan;13(1):143-52.

Cortical activations during the mental rotation of different visual objects.
Jordan K, Heinze HJ, Lutz K, Kanowski M, Jäncke L.

Institute of General Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, D-39106, Germany.

Whole-head functional magnetic resonance imaging was applied to nine healthy right-handed subjects while they were performing three different mental rotation tasks and two visual control tasks. The mental rotation tasks comprised stimuli pairs derived from the "classical" 3D cube figures first used by R. N. Shepard and J. Metzler (1971, Science 171, 701-703), pairs of letters, and pairs of abstract figures developed by J. Hochberg and L. Gellmann (1977, Memory Cognit. 5, 23-26). In some cases, the paired objects were identical except that they were rotated in a certain plane. In other cases, the two objects were incongruent. Subjects were shown one pair of objects at a time and asked to judge whether the two were the same. In line with previous studies we found that decision times increased linearly with the degree of separation between the two objects. Cortical activation converged to demonstrate bilateral core regions in the superior and inferior parietal lobe (centered on the intraparietal sulcus), which were similarly activated during all three mental rotation tasks. Thus, our results suggest that different kinds of stimuli used for mental rotation tasks did not inevitably evoke activations outside the parietal core regions. For example we did not find any activation in brain areas known to be involved in lexical or verbal processing nor activations in cortical regions known to be involved in object identification or classification.

SPECIFICALLY Mental rotation of figures versus object determination or dots counting. Deciding whether visual stimuli were the same or mirrored indicating by pressing one of two buttons with the index or the middle finger of their right hand. WOEXP: 86. 

---13---
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jun 24;94(13):6989-94.

"Willed action": a functional MRI study of the human prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task.
Hyder F, Phelps EA, Wiggins CJ, Labar KS, Blamire AM, Shulman RG.

Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. [e-mail]

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine human brain activity within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during a sensorimotor task that had been proposed to require selection between several responses, a cognitive concept termed "willed action" in a positron emission tomography (PET) study by Frith et al. [Frith, C. D., Friston, K., Liddle, P. F. & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991) Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 244, 241-246]. We repeated their sensorimotor task, in which the subject chooses to move either of two fingers after a stimulus, by fMRI experiments in a 2.1-T imaging spectrometer. Echo-planar images were acquired from four coronal slices in the prefrontal cortex from nine healthy subjects. Slices were 5 mm thick, centers separated by 7 mm, with nominal in-plane spatial resolution of 9.6 x 5.0 mm2 for mean data. Our mean results are in agreement with the PET results in that we saw similar bilateral activations. The present results are compared with our previously published fMRI study of a verbal fluency task, which had also been proposed by Frith et al. to elicit a "willed action" response. We find a clear separation of activation foci in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the sensorimotor (Brodmann area 46) and verbal fluency (Brodmann area 45) tasks. Hence, assigning a particular activated region to "willed action" is not supported by the fMRI data when examined closely because identical regions are not activated with different modalities. Similar modality linked activations can be observed in the original PET study but the greater resolution of the fMRI data makes the modality linkages more definite.

--EGNER---
Egner, T., Hirsch, J. (2005).  Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict
 through cortical amplification of task-relevant information.
Nature Neuroscience, 8 (12), 1784-1790.

--101---
J Cogn Neurosci. 2000 Sep;12(5):763-74.

Brain activation during mental transformation of size.
Larsen A, Bundesen C, Kyllingsbaek S, Paulson OB, Law I.

Center for Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Visual comparison between different-sized objects with respect to shape can be done by encoding one of the objects as a mental image, transforming the image to the size format of the other object, and then testing for a match (Bundesen, C., & Larsen, A. [1975]. Visual transformation of size. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1, 214-220). To identify the brain structures implicated in mental transformation of size, we measured the distribution of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by positron emission tomography (PET) in 12 normal subjects who compared random stimulus patterns with respect to shape regardless of variations in size in a one-back match-to-sample paradigm. Each subject was PET-scanned 12 times during repetitive injections of H(2)(15)O. In one condition (three scans), all stimulus patterns were small. In a second condition (three scans), all stimuli were large. In the third condition (six scans), the stimuli alternated between small and large. Mental transformation of size should occur in the alternating-size condition but not in the fixed-size conditions. As expected, behavioral measures (reaction time [RT], d', beta) were nearly the same for the two fixed-size conditions but mean RT was longer and d' smaller in the alternating-size condition. Changes in rCBF specific to mental transformation of size were estimated by contrasting the alternating-size with the fixed-size conditions by use of statistical parametric mapping (SPM96) at a threshold of p <. 05 corrected for multiple comparisons. The detected brain structures implicated in mental transformation of size were primarily located in the dorsal pathways, comprising structures in the occipital, parietal, and temporal transition zone (predominantly in the left hemisphere), posterior parietal cortex (bilaterally), area MT/V5 (left), and vermis (bilaterally). Contrasts between the two fixed-size conditions showed significant effects in only the occipital cortex.

Large line patterns. One-back match-to-sample task with large line patterns versus small line patterns. WOEXP: 101. 

--23---previous

---261---
Negative interaction between predictable tones and button press. Negative interaction between predictable tones and self-paced button presses versus no button presses and random tones with button press. WOEXP: 261. 

Neuropsychologia. 1998 Jun;36(6):521-9.

How do we predict the consequences of our actions? A functional imaging study.
Blakemore SJ, Rees G, Frith CD.

Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London. [e-mail]

Humans are readily able to distinguish expected and unexpected sensory events. Whether a single mechanism underlies this ability is unknown. The most common type of expected sensory events are those generated as a consequence of self-generated actions. Using H2 15O PET, we studied brain responses to such predictable sensory events (tones) and to similar unpredictable events and especially how the processing of predictable sensory events is modified by the context of a causative self-generated action. Increases in activity when the tones were unpredictable were seen in the inferior and superior temporal lobe bilaterally, the right parahippocampal gyrus and right parietal cortex. Self-generated actions produced activity in a number of motor and premotor areas, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We observed an interaction between the predictability of stimuli and self-generated actions in several areas, including the medial posterior cingulate cortex, left insula, dorsomedial thalamus, superior colliculus and right inferior temporal cortex. This modulation of activity associated with stimulus predictability in the context of self-generated actions implies that these areas may be involved in self-monitoring processes. Detection of expected stimuli and the detection of the sensory consequences of self-generated actions appear to be functionally distinct processes, and are carried out in different cortical areas. These observations support theoretical approaches to cognition that postulate the existence of a self-monitoring system.

---185---
Nature. 2001 Jun 21;411(6840):950-3.

Spatial awareness is a function of the temporal not the posterior parietal lobe.
Karnath HO, Ferber S, Himmelbach M.

Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Tübingen, Germany. [e-mail]

Comment in:

Nature. 2001 Jun 21;411(6840):903-4. 

Our current understanding of spatial behaviour and parietal lobe function is largely based on the belief that spatial neglect in humans (a lack of awareness of space on the side of the body contralateral to a brain injury) is typically associated with lesions of the posterior parietal lobe. However, in monkeys, this disorder is observed after lesions of the superior temporal cortex, a puzzling discrepancy between the species. Here we show that, contrary to the widely accepted view, the superior temporal cortex is the neural substrate of spatial neglect in humans, as it is in monkeys. Unlike the monkey brain, spatial awareness in humans is a function largely confined to the right superior temporal cortex, a location topographically reminiscent of that for language on the left. Hence, the decisive phylogenetic transition from monkey to human brain seems to be a restriction of a formerly bilateral function to the right side, rather than a shift from the temporal to the parietal lobe. One may speculate that this lateralization of spatial awareness parallels the emergence of an elaborate representation for language on the left side.

Patients with spatial neglect and right brain damage from infarct or hemorrhage versus right brain damage patients without spatial neglect. WOEXP: 185. 

---565---

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Feb 16;96(4):1794-9.

Task-related and item-related brain processes of memory retrieval.
Düzel E, Cabeza R, Picton TW, Yonelinas AP, Scheich H, Heinze HJ, Tulving E.

Department of Neurology II, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. [e-mail]

In all cognitive tasks, general task-related processes operate throughout a given task on all items, whereas specific item-related processes operate differentially on individual items. In typical functional neuroimaging experiments, these two sets of processes have usually been confounded. Herein we report a combined positron emission tomography and event-related potential (ERP) experiment that was designed to distinguish between neural correlates of task-related and item-related processes of memory retrieval. Two retrieval tasks, episodic and semantic, were crossed with episodic (old/new) and semantic (living/nonliving) properties of individual items to yield evidence of regional brain activity associated with task-related processes, item-related processes, and their interaction. The results showed that episodic retrieval task was associated with increased blood flow in right prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex, as well as with a sustained right-frontopolar-positive ERP, but that the semantic retrieval task was associated with left frontal and temporal lobe activity. Retrieval of old items was associated with increased blood flow in the left medial temporal lobe and with a brief late positive ERP component. The results provide converging hemodynamic and electrophysiological evidence for the distinction of task- and item-related processes, show that they map onto spatially and temporally distinct patterns of brain activity, and clarify the hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry (HERA) model of prefrontal encoding and retrieval asymmetry.

Task-related episodic retrieval versus semantic. Episodic retrieval with a decision whether a visually presented word was presented in an encoding list with right hand button response versus semantic retrieval. WOEXP: 565. 

---248---

Ann Neurol. 1999 Jan;45(1):40-7.

Region-specific encoding of sensory and affective components of pain in the human brain: a positron emission tomography correlation analysis.
Tölle TR, Kaufmann T, Siessmeier T, Lautenbacher S, Berthele A, Munz F, Zieglgänsberger W, Willoch F, Schwaiger M, Conrad B, Bartenstein P.

Department of Neurology, Technical University, Munich, Germany.

Brain imaging with positron emission tomography has identified some of the principal cerebral structures of a central network activated by pain. To discover whether the different cortical and subcortical areas process different components of the multidimensional nature of pain, we performed a regression analysis between noxious heat-related regional blood flow increases and experimental pain parameters reflecting detection of pain, encoding of pain intensity, as well as pain unpleasantness. The results of our activation study indicate that different functions in pain processing can be attributed to different brain regions; ie, the gating function reflected by the pain threshold appeared to be related to anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal inferior cortex, and the thalamus, the coding of pain intensity to the periventricular gray as well as to the posterior cingulate cortex, and the encoding of pain unpleasantness to the posterior sector of the anterior cingulate cortex.

Correlation with pain intensity. Correlation with subjective ratings of pain intensity with hot pain right volar forearm. WOEXP: 248. 

--363---
J Neurosci. 1994 Jul;14(7):4095-108.

Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain.
Coghill RC, Talbot JD, Evans AC, Meyer E, Gjedde A, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH.

Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Pain is a diverse sensory and emotional experience that likely involves activation of numerous regions of the brain. Yet, many of these areas are also implicated in the processing of nonpainful somatosensory information. In order to better characterize the processing of pain within the human brain, activation produced by noxious stimuli was compared with that produced by robust innocuous stimuli. Painful heat (47-48 degrees C), nonpainful vibratory (110 Hz), and neutral control (34 degrees C) stimuli were applied to the left forearm of right-handed male subjects. Activation of regions within the diencephalon and telencephalon was evaluated by measuring regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography (15O-water-bolus method). Painful stimulation produced contralateral activation in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, the supplemental motor area of the frontal cortex, and thalamus. Vibrotactile stimulation produced activation in contralateral SI, and bilaterally in SII and posterior insular cortices. A direct comparison of pain and vibrotactile stimulation revealed that both stimuli produced activation in similar regions of SI and SII, regions long thought to be involved in basic somatosensory processing. In contrast, painful stimuli were significantly more effective in activating the anterior insula, a region heavily linked with both somatosensory and limbic systems. Such connections may provide one route through which nociceptive input may be integrated with memory in order to allow a full appreciation of the meaning and dangers of painful stimuli. These data reveal that pain-related activation, although predominantly contralateral in distribution, is more widely dispersed across both cortical and thalamic regions than that produced during innocuous vibrotactile stimulation. This distributed cerebral activation reflects the complex nature of pain, involving discriminative, affective, autonomic, and motoric components. Furthermore, the high degree of interconnectivity among activated regions may account for the difficulty of eliminating pathological pain with discrete CNS lesions.

---39---
J Cogn Neurosci. 2000 Sep;12(5):711-20.

Brain areas involved in perception of biological motion.
Grossman E, Donnelly M, Price R, Pickens D, Morgan V, Neighbor G, Blake R.

Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA. [e-mail]

These experiments use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to reveal neural activity uniquely associated with perception of biological motion. We isolated brain areas activated during the viewing of point-light figures, then compared those areas to regions known to be involved in coherent-motion perception and kinetic-boundary perception. Coherent motion activated a region matching previous reports of human MT/MST complex located on the temporo-parieto-occipital junction. Kinetic boundaries activated a region posterior and adjacent to human MT previously identified as the kinetic-occipital (KO) region or the lateral-occipital (LO) complex. The pattern of activation during viewing of biological motion was located within a small region on the ventral bank of the occipital extent of the superior-temporal sulcus (STS). This region is located lateral and anterior to human MT/MST, and anterior to KO. Among our observers, we localized this region more frequently in the right hemisphere than in the left. This was true regardless of whether the point-light figures were presented in the right or left hemifield. A small region in the medial cerebellum was also active when observers viewed biological-motion sequences. Consistent with earlier neuroimaging and single-unit studies, this pattern of results points to the existence of neural mechanisms specialized for analysis of the kinematics defining biological motion.

Biological visual motion. Biological motion of dots versus scrambled motion of dots. WOEXP: 111. 

----41---
Nat Neurosci. 2000 Mar;3(3):277-83.

A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment.
Downar J, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD.

Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, and Toronto Western Research Institute, MP14-322, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.

Sensory stimuli undergoing sudden changes draw attention and preferentially enter our awareness. We used event-related functional magnetic-resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify brain regions responsive to changes in visual, auditory and tactile stimuli. Unimodally responsive areas included visual, auditory and somatosensory association cortex. Multimodally responsive areas comprised a right-lateralized network including the temporoparietal junction, inferior frontal gyrus, insula and left cingulate and supplementary motor areas. These results reveal a distributed, multimodal network for involuntary attention to events in the sensory environment. This network contains areas thought to underlie the P300 event-related potential and closely corresponds to the set of cortical regions damaged in patients with hemineglect syndromes.

ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS Auditory change. Change between two sounds, running water and croaking frogs versus change in visual or tactile stimuli. WOEXP: 454. 

---22---
Hum Brain Mapp. 2000 Jun;10(2):74-9.

Lateralized automatic auditory processing of phonetic versus musical information: a PET study.
Tervaniemi M, Medvedev SV, Alho K, Pakhomov SV, Roudas MS, Van Zuijen TL, Näätänen R.

Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Finland. [e-mail]

Previous positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies show that during attentive listening, processing of phonetic information is associated with higher activity in the left auditory cortex than in the right auditory cortex while the opposite is true for musical information. The present PET study determined whether automatically activated neural mechanisms for phonetic and musical information are lateralized. To this end, subjects engaged in a visual word classification task were presented with phonetic sound sequences consisting of frequent (P = 0.8) and infrequent (P = 0.2) phonemes and with musical sound sequences consisting of frequent (P = 0.8) and infrequent (P = 0.2) chords. The phonemes and chords were matched in spectral complexity as well as in the magnitude of frequency difference between the frequent and infrequent sounds (/e/ vs. /o/; A major vs. A minor). In addition, control sequences, consisting of either frequent (/e/; A major) or infrequent sounds (/o/; A minor) were employed in separate blocks. When sound sequences consisted of intermixed frequent and infrequent sounds, automatic phonetic processing was lateralized to the left hemisphere and musical to the right hemisphere. This lateralization, however, did not occur in control blocks with one type of sound (frequent or infrequent). The data thus indicate that automatic activation of lateralized neuronal circuits requires sound comparison based on short-term sound representations.

Chords simulation: standard sequence versus deviant sequence. WOEXP: 22. 

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J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12 Suppl 2:118-29.

Neural activation during response competition.
Hazeltine E, Poldrack R, Gabrieli JD.

NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94305, USA.

The flanker task, introduced by Eriksen and Eriksen [Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143--149], provides a means to selectively manipulate the presence or absence of response competition while keeping other task demands constant. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during performance of the flanker task. In accordance with previous behavioral studies, trials in which the flanking stimuli indicated a different response than the central stimulus were performed significantly more slowly than trials in which all the stimuli indicated the same response. This reaction time effect was accompanied by increases in activity in four regions: the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, the supplementary motor area, the left superior parietal lobe, and the left anterior parietal cortex. The increases were not due to changes in stimulus complexity or the need to overcome previously learned associations between stimuli and responses. Correspondences between this study and other experiments manipulating response interference suggest that the frontal foci may be related to response inhibition processes whereas the posterior foci may be related to the activation of representations of the inappropriate responses.

Response competition. Visual presentation of three colored circles with response by pressing of either of two buttons determined by the color of the center circle. Incongruent trials with flanking circles indicating a competing response versus congruent trials with flanking circles indicating the same response as the center circle. WOEXP: 134. 

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J Neurosci. 1994 Jul;14(7):4095-108.

Distributed processing of pain and vibration by the human brain.
Coghill RC, Talbot JD, Evans AC, Meyer E, Gjedde A, Bushnell MC, Duncan GH.

Centre de Recherche en Sciences Neurologiques, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada.

Pain is a diverse sensory and emotional experience that likely involves activation of numerous regions of the brain. Yet, many of these areas are also implicated in the processing of nonpainful somatosensory information. In order to better characterize the processing of pain within the human brain, activation produced by noxious stimuli was compared with that produced by robust innocuous stimuli. Painful heat (47-48 degrees C), nonpainful vibratory (110 Hz), and neutral control (34 degrees C) stimuli were applied to the left forearm of right-handed male subjects. Activation of regions within the diencephalon and telencephalon was evaluated by measuring regional cerebral blood flow using positron emission tomography (15O-water-bolus method). Painful stimulation produced contralateral activation in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, the supplemental motor area of the frontal cortex, and thalamus. Vibrotactile stimulation produced activation in contralateral SI, and bilaterally in SII and posterior insular cortices. A direct comparison of pain and vibrotactile stimulation revealed that both stimuli produced activation in similar regions of SI and SII, regions long thought to be involved in basic somatosensory processing. In contrast, painful stimuli were significantly more effective in activating the anterior insula, a region heavily linked with both somatosensory and limbic systems. Such connections may provide one route through which nociceptive input may be integrated with memory in order to allow a full appreciation of the meaning and dangers of painful stimuli. These data reveal that pain-related activation, although predominantly contralateral in distribution, is more widely dispersed across both cortical and thalamic regions than that produced during innocuous vibrotactile stimulation. This distributed cerebral activation reflects the complex nature of pain, involving discriminative, affective, autonomic, and motoric components. Furthermore, the high degree of interconnectivity among activated regions may account for the difficulty of eliminating pathological pain with discrete CNS lesions.

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Neuroreport. 2005 Apr 25;16(6):649-52.

Motion verb sentences activate left posterior middle temporal cortex despite static context.
Wallentin M, Lund TE, Ostergaard S, Ostergaard L, Roepstorff A.

Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University, Niels Juels Gade 84, 8200 Arhus N, Denmark. [e-mail]

The left posterior middle temporal region, anterior to V5/MT, has been shown to be responsive both to images with implied motion, to simulated motion, and to motion verbs. In this study, we investigated whether sentence context alters the response of the left posterior middle temporal region. 'Fictive motion' sentences are sentences in which an inanimate subject noun, semantically incapable of self movement, is coupled with a motion verb, yielding an apparent semantic contradiction (e.g. 'The path comes into the garden.'). However, this context yields no less activation in the left posterior middle temporal region than sentences in which the motion can be applied to the subject noun. We speculate that the left posterior middle temporal region activity in fictive motion sentences reflects the fact that the hearer applies motion to the depicted scenario by scanning it egocentrically.

The left posterior middle temporal region, anterior to V5/MT, has been shown to be responsive both to images with implied motion, to simulated motion, and to motion verbs