注：Oracle11gR2 X64安装
一、环境准备
安装包：
1.VMware-workstation-full-11.1.0-2496824.exe
2.CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1511.iso
3.linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip
linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
以上觉得不是重点，不给下载地址，不描述安装过程，安装完CentOS 7，截图如下：
第一次安装防坑，没有进行任何操作之前，先在VMware中创建该虚拟机快照，后期搞郁闷了，可以回归到该快照版本。特么还是不放心，又把该虚拟机完整克隆一份（强迫症）。
二、安装Oracle前准备
1.创建运行oracle数据库的系统用户和用户组
[sonny@localhost ~]$ su root #切换到root
Password:
[root@localhost sonny]# groupadd oinstall #创建用户组oinstall
[root@localhost sonny]# groupadd dba #创建用户组dba
[root@localhost sonny]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle #创建oracle用户，并加入到oinstall和dba用户组
[root@localhost sonny]# passwd oracle #设置用户oracle的登陆密码，不设置密码，在CentOS的图形登陆界面没法登陆
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: # 密码
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: # 确认密码
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[root@localhost sonny]# id oracle # 查看新建的oracle用户
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)
[root@localhost sonny]#
为啥要创建oinstall用户组及dba组？ 参考：http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/cn/articles/hunter-rac11gr2-iscsi-2-092412-zhs.html#13
理论上单例按照需要3种用户组，实际只建两个oinstall和dba，后面再安装oracle数据库的时候把OSOPER组也设置是dba组。
a.oracle 清单组（一般为oinstall):
OINSTALL 组的成员被视为 Oracle 软件的“所有者”，拥有对 Oracle *清单 (oraInventory) 的写入权限。在一个 Linux 系统上首次安装 Oracle 软件时，
OUI 会创建 /etc/oraInst.loc 文件。该文件指定 Oracle 清单组的名称（默认为 oinstall）以及 Oracle *清单目录的路径。
b.数据库管理员（OSDBA，一般为 dba）:
OSDBA 组的成员可通过操作系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSDBA 身份连接到一个 Oracle 实例。该组的成员可执行关键的数据库管理任务，如创建数据库、启动和关
闭实例。该组的默认名称为dba。SYSDBA 系统权限甚至在数据库未打开时也允许访问数据库实例。对此权限的控制完全超出了数据库本身的范围。不要混淆 SYSDBA
系统权限与数据库角色 DBA。DBA 角色不包括 SYSDBA 或 SYSOPER 系统权限。
c.数据库操作员组（OSOPER，一般为 oper）:
OSOPER 组的成员可通过操作系统身份验证使用 SQL 以 SYSOPER 身份连接到一个 Oracle 实例。这个可选组的成员拥有一组有限的数据库管理权限，如管理和运行备份。
该组的默认名称为oper。SYSOPER 系统权限甚至在数据库未打开时也允许访问数据库实例。对此权限的控制完全超出了数据库本身的范围。要使用该组，选择 Advanced 安装类型来安装 Oracle 数据库软件。
2.创建oracle数据库安装目录
[sonny@localhost ~]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost sonny]# mkdir -p /data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
[root@localhost sonny]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory #oracle数据库配置文件目录
[root@localhost sonny]# mkdir -p /data/database #oracle数据库软件包解压目录
[root@localhost sonny]# cd /data
[root@localhost data]# ls #创建完毕检查一下（强迫症）
database oracle oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle #设置目录所有者为oinstall用户组的oracle用户
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory
[root@localhost data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database
[root@localhost data]#
3.修改OS系统标识
oracle默认不支持CentOS系统安装，Oracle Database 11g Release 2 的 OS要求参考： https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#LADBI1106
我安装是64位数据库，On Linux x86-64：Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 （RHEL 7）
另外，CentOS7.0.1511 基于 RHEL7.2 参考：http://www.linuxidc.com/Linux/2015-12/126283.htm
修改文件 /etc/RedHat-release
[sonny@localhost data]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost data]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64 (builder@kbuilder.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.8.3 20140911 (Red Hat 4.8.3-9) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Thu Nov 19 22:10:57 UTC 2015
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
[root@localhost data]# vi /etc/redhat-release
[root@localhost data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
redhat-7
[root@localhost data]#
4.安装oracle数据库所需要的软件包
重复一遍，我安装时Oracle Database 11g Release 2 64位数据库。
Oracle Database Package Requirements for Linux x86-64 如下：（参考：https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/install.112/e47689/pre_install.htm#BABCFJFG）
操作系统:Oracle Linux 7 and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
The following packages (or later versions) must be installed:
binutils-2.23.52.0.1-12.el7.x86_64
compat-libcap1-1.10-3.el7.x86_64
gcc-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
gcc-c++-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
glibc-2.17-36.el7.i686
glibc-2.17-36.el7.x86_64
glibc-devel-2.17-36.el7.i686
glibc-devel-2.17-36.el7.x86_64
ksh
libaio-0.3.109-9.el7.i686
libaio-0.3.109-9.el7.x86_64
libaio-devel-0.3.109-9.el7.i686
libaio-devel-0.3.109-9.el7.x86_64
libgcc-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libgcc-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libstdc++-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libstdc++-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libstdc++-devel-4.8.2-3.el7.i686
libstdc++-devel-4.8.2-3.el7.x86_64
libXi-1.7.2-1.el7.i686
libXi-1.7.2-1.el7.x86_64
libXtst-1.2.2-1.el7.i686
libXtst-1.2.2-1.el7.x86_64
make-3.82-19.el7.x86_64
sysstat-10.1.5-1.el7.x86_64
老实人，第一次搞，一个一个的安装,命令也很简单，反正文档要求高版本也可以：
[sonny@localhost data]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost data]# yum install binutils
省略...
5.关闭防火墙 CentOS 7.2默认使用的是firewall作为防火墙
[sonny@localhost /]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #查看防火墙状态，运行中
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Thu 2016-04-07 18:54:29 PDT; 2h 20min ago
Main PID: 802 (firewalld)
CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
└─802 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl stop firewalld.service #关闭防火墙
[root@localhost /]# systemctl status firewalld.service #再次查看防火墙状态，发现已关闭
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead) since Thu 2016-04-07 21:15:34 PDT; 9s ago
Main PID: 802 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Apr 07 18:54:25 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 18:54:29 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Apr 07 21:15:33 localhost systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 07 21:15:34 localhost systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
[root@localhost /]# systemctl disable firewalld.service #禁止使用防火墙（重启也是禁止的）
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.Fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.
[root@localhost /]#
防火墙先禁用，搞好之后再配置，个人虚拟机，要毛线防火墙~~
6.关闭selinux（需重启生效）
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/selinux/config
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/selinux/config # This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=disabled #此处修改为disabled
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted [root@localhost /]#
为啥要关闭selinux？因为selinux太高深，非专业人士搞不懂~~
7.修改内核参数
红色部分为添加代码
[sonny@localhost /]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysct.conf
cat: /etc/sysct.conf: No such file or directory
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# System default settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf.
# To override those settings, enter new settings here, or in an /etc/sysctl.d/<name>.conf file
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576
[root@localhost /]#
使配置参数生效
[root@localhost /]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument
fs.file-max = 6815744 #设置最大打开文件数
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享内存的总量，8G内存设置：2097152*4k/1024/1024
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享内存的段大小
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整个系统共享内存端的最大数
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4端口范围
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
[root@localhost /]#
8.对oracle用户设置限制，提高软件运行性能（红色为添加部分）
[sonny@localhost /]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost /]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
[root@localhost /]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf
# /etc/security/limits.conf
#
#This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM.
#It does not affect resource limits of the system services.
#
#Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.d directory,
#which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this
#file in case the domain is the same or more specific.
#That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domain here
#can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config file in the
#subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overriden only
#with a user specific setting in the subdirectory.
#
#Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:
#
#<domain> <type> <item> <value>
#
#Where:
#<domain> can be:
# - a user name
# - a group name, with @group syntax
# - the wildcard *, for default entry
# - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax,
# for maxlogin limit
#
#<type> can have the two values:
# - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits
# - "hard" for enforcing hard limits
#
#<item> can be one of the following:
# - core - limits the core file size (KB)
# - data - max data size (KB)
# - fsize - maximum filesize (KB)
# - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB)
# - nofile - max number of open file descriptors
# - rss - max resident set size (KB)
# - stack - max stack size (KB)
# - cpu - max CPU time (MIN)
# - nproc - max number of processes
# - as - address space limit (KB)
# - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user
# - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system
# - priority - the priority to run user process with
# - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold
# - sigpending - max number of pending signals
# - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes)
# - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19]
# - rtprio - max realtime priority
#
#<domain> <type> <item> <value>
# #* soft core 0
#* hard rss 10000
#@student hard nproc 20
#@faculty soft nproc 20
#@faculty hard nproc 50
#ftp hard nproc 0
#@student - maxlogins 4
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536 # End of file
[root@localhost /]#
9.配置用户的环境变量（红色部分为添加代码）
[root@localhost /]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[root@localhost /]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile
# .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi # User specific environment and startup programs PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin export PATH export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle数据库安装目录
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle数据库路径
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle启动数据库实例名
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm窗口模式安装
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #添加系统环境变量
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #添加系统环境变量
export LANG=C #防止安装过程出现乱码
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK #设置Oracle客户端字符集，必须与Oracle安装时设置的字符集保持一致，如：ZHS16GBK，否则出现数据导入导出中文乱码问题
[root@localhost /]#
使上述配置立即生效：
[oracle@localhost /]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost /]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[root@localhost /]#
10.上述都搞定了，上传安装包我喜欢xftp，将oracle安装包上传到/usr/local/src
11.解压安装包
[oracle@localhost /]$ cd /usr/local/src #进入/usr/local/src目录
[oracle@localhost src]$ ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/ #解压
(省略...)
[oracle@localhost src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/ #解压
(省略...)
[oracle@localhost src]$ su root
Password:
[root@localhost src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/
[root@localhost src]#
三、oracle安装
1.图形界面登陆oracle用户：
2.启动oralce安装，到/data/database/database/目录下，执行runInstaller
3.去掉勾，懒得填，个人使用环境不需要自动接收Oracle的安全更新。
4.下一步，只安装数据库软件，个人用不要那些玩意~~
5.选择单例安装，前面的所有配置均为单例安装。
6.添加语言
7.默认安装版本企业版-Enterprise Edition --图没了。
8.确定数据软件的安装路径，自动读取前面Oracle环境变量中配置的值。
9.理论上要创建Database Operation（OSOPER）Group:oper ,个人用，懒得建，就使用dba用户组
10.安装检查，按照提示信息一个一个解决。
swap空间不足解决 ：（要求2.67G 实际2G）
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m #查看当前虚拟内存
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1369 93 10 361 250
Swap: 2048 20 2028
[root@localhost oracle]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/swap bs=1024 count=1024000 #将当前swap空间由2048M 增加到 3048M 新增一个2014的swap文件
1024000+0 records in
1024000+0 records out
1048576000 bytes (1.0 GB) copied, 29.4051 s, 35.7 MB/s
[root@localhost oracle]# mkswap /home/swap
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1023996 KiB
no label, UUID=5e3d39d7-285e-4c74-b321-1e2b3ffabf83
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1275 95 10 454 342
Swap: 2048 141 1907
[root@localhost oracle]# swapon /home/swap #增加并启用虚拟内容
swapon: /home/swap: insecure permissions 0644, 0600 suggested.
[root@localhost oracle]# free -m #再次查看
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 1824 1275 94 10 454 342
Swap: 3048 141 2907
11.一个一个检查package，在准备阶段中漏掉的，此处再安装，有些系统报错是因为现有的包的版本比检测要高，最后忽略即可。（点击Check_Again 多检查几次）
12.准备完毕，fuck “Finish”开始安装。
13.安装过程是一个漫长的过程，中间有几次卡住，没有出现任何画面，屏幕中间有条小线，尝试多次，发现光标在该线上，右键点击Closed，不知道关闭了啥，又能继续安装了。先装吧，到时看安装日志再说。
14.提示安装成功。安装日志懒得看，再说。
四、配置监听listener
1.执行netca 报错
[Oracle@localhost ~]$ netca Oracle Net Services Configuration:
#
# An unexpected error has been detected by HotSpot Virtual Machine:
#
# SIGSEGV (0xb) at pc=0x00007f69a69fcb9d, pid=8033, tid=140092892297024
#
# Java VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (1.5.0_17-b03 mixed mode)
# Problematic frame:
# C [libclntsh.so.11.1+0x62ab9d] snlinGetAddrInfo+0x1b1
#
# An error report file with more information is saved as hs_err_pid8033.log
#
# If you would like to submit a bug report, please visit:
# http://java.sun.com/webapps/bugreport/crash.jsp
#
/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/bin/netca: line 178: 8033 Aborted (core dumped) $JRE $JRE_OPTIONS -classpath $CLASSPATH oracle.net.ca.NetCA $*
[oracle@localhost ~]$
错误原因：安装操作系统是默认主机名localhost造成错误
解决办法：
racle]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
# Created by anaconda [root@localhost oracle]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network #增加HOSTNAME
[root@localhost oracle]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
# Created by anaconda
HOSTNAME=odb-sonny
[root@localhost oracle]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
[root@localhost oracle]# vi /etc/hosts #增加HOSTNAME
[root@localhost oracle]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 odb-sonny
::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
[root@localhost oracle]# hostname odb-sonny #执行
[root@localhost oracle]#
最后注销当前oracle用户，重新登陆即可！！这次发现打开配置界面正常，安装windows下面配置即可。
五、创建Oracle数据实例Orcl
执行dbca命令，启动oracle实例安装界面，剩下的与Windows上安装一样，不废话了：
注意：必须先创建监听，并且监听是启动中，否则报错。
六、检查安装日志检查
发现有几个错误（原因未知，后续再看）：
错误1：
INFO: /lib64/libstdc++.so.5: undefined reference to `memcpy@GLIBC_2.14'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status INFO: make: *** [ctxhx] Error 1 INFO: End output from spawned process.
INFO: ----------------------------------
INFO: Exception thrown from action: make
Exception Name: MakefileException
Exception String: Error in invoking target 'install' of makefile '/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/ctx/lib/ins_ctx.mk'.
See '/data/oraInventory/logs/installActions2016-04-07_10-38-06PM.log' for details.
Exception Severity: 1
错误2：
INFO: /usr/bin/ld: warning: -z lazyload ignored.
/usr/bin/ld: warning: -z nolazyload ignored.
/usr/bin/ld: /data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/sysman/lib//libnmectl.a(nmectlt.o): undefined reference to symbol 'B_DestroyKeyObject'
/usr/bin/ld: note: 'B_DestroyKeyObject' is defined in DSO /data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/lib/libnnz11.so so try adding it to the linker command line
/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/lib/libnnz11.so: could not read symbols: Invalid operation INFO: collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status INFO: make[1]: *** [/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/sysman/lib/emdctl] Error 1 INFO: make[1]: Leaving directory `/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/sysman/lib' INFO: make: *** [emdctl] Error 2 INFO: End output from spawned process.
INFO: ----------------------------------
INFO: Exception thrown from action: make
Exception Name: MakefileException
Exception String: Error in invoking target 'agent nmhs' of makefile '/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/sysman/lib/ins_emagent.mk'.
See '/data/oraInventory/logs/installActions2016-04-07_10-38-06PM.log' for details.
Exception Severity: 1
INFO: Calling Action unixActions10.2.0.3.0 make
registerOnly = false
installMakePath = /usr/bin/make
installMakeFileName = /data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/rdbms/lib/ins_rdbms.mk
installTarget = all_no_orcl
undoMakeFileName =
installArguments = ORACLE_HOME=/data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1
logFile = /data/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/install/make.log
undoTarget =
progMsg = Linking RDBMS Executables