信号量API
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/ipc.h>
- #include <sys/sem.h>
- int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int semflg);
- int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...);
- int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);
semget
- int semget(key_t key, int nsems, int semflg);
创建/访问一个信号量集
参数:
key: 信号集键(key)
nsems:信号集中信号量的个数
semflg: 由九个权限标志构成,它们的用法和创建文件时使用的mode模式标志一致
返回值:成功返回一个非负整数,即该信号集的标识码;失败返回-1;
此时创建的信号量集中的每一个信号量都会有一个默认值: 0, 如果需要更改该值, 则需要调用semctl函数->更改初始值;
- /** 示例1: 封装一个创建一个信号量集函数
- 该信号量集包含1个信号量;
- 权限为0666
- **/
- int sem_create(key_t key)
- {
- int semid = semget(key, 1, IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL|0666);
- if (semid == -1)
- err_exit("sem_create error");
- return semid;
- }
- /** 示例2: 打开一个信号量集
- nsems(信号量数量)可以填0,
- semflg(信号量权限)也可以填0, 表示使用默认的权限打开
- **/
- int sem_open(key_t key)
- {
- int semid = semget(key, 0, 0);
- if (semid == -1)
- err_exit("sem_open error");
- return semid;
- }
shmctl
- int semctl(int semid, int semnum, int cmd, ...);
控制信号量集
参数
semid:由semget返回的信号集标识码
semnum:信号集中信号量的序号(注意: 从0开始The semaphores in a set are numbered starting at 0.)
cmd:将要采取的动作(常用取值如下)
如果该函数需要第四个参数(有时是不需要第四个参数的, 取决于cmd的取值), 则程序中必须定义如下的联合体:
- union semun
- {
- int val; /* Value for SETVAL */
- struct semid_ds *buf; /* Buffer for IPC_STAT, IPC_SET */
- unsigned short *array; /* Array for GETALL, SETALL */
- struct seminfo *__buf; /* Buffer for IPC_INFO (Linux-specific)*/
- };
- //struct semid_ds : Linux内核为System V信号量维护的数据结构
- struct semid_ds
- {
- struct ipc_perm sem_perm; /* Ownership and permissions */
- time_t sem_otime; /* Last semop time */
- time_t sem_ctime; /* Last change time */
- unsigned long sem_nsems; /* No. of semaphores in set */
- };
- /** 示例1: 将信号量集semid中的第一个信号量的值设置成为value(SETVAL)
- 注意: semun联合体需要自己给出(从man-page中拷贝出来即可)
- **/
- union semun
- {
- int val; /* Value for SETVAL */
- struct semid_ds *buf; /* Buffer for IPC_STAT, IPC_SET */
- unsigned short *array; /* Array for GETALL, SETALL */
- struct seminfo *__buf; /* Buffer for IPC_INFO
- (Linux-specific) */
- };
- int sem_setval(int semid, int value)
- {
- union semun su;
- su.val = value;
- if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_setval error");
- return 0;
- }
- /** 示例2: 获取信号量集中第一个信号所关联的值(GETVAL)
- 注意: 此时第四个参数可以不填, 而信号量所关联的值可以通过semctl的返回值返回(the value of semval.)
- **/
- int sem_getval(int semid)
- {
- int value = semctl(semid, 0, GETVAL);
- if (value == -1)
- err_exit("sem_getval error");
- return value;
- return 0;
- }
- /** 示例3: 删除一个信号量集(注意是删除整个集合)
- IPC_RMID Immediately remove(立刻删除) the semaphore set, awakening all processes blocked in semop(2) calls on the set (with an error return and errno set to EIDRM)[然后唤醒所有阻塞在该信号量上的进程]. The argument semnum is ignored[忽略第二个参数].
- **/
- int sem_delete(int semid)
- {
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_delete error");
- return 0;
- }
- //测试代码
- int main(int argc,char *argv[])
- {
- int semid = sem_create(0x1234); //创建一个信号量集
- sem_setval(semid, 500); //设置值
- cout << sem_getval(semid) << endl; //获取值
- sleep(10);
- sem_delete(semid); //删除该集合
- }
- /**示例4: 获取/设置信号量的权限
- 注意:一定要设定struct semid_ds结构体, 以指定使用semun的哪个字段
- **/
- int sem_getmode(int semid)
- {
- union semun su;
- // 注意: 下面这两行语句一定要设定.
- // (告诉内核使用的semun的哪个字段)
- struct semid_ds sd;
- su.buf = &sd;
- //
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_getmode error");
- printf("current permissions is: %o\n", su.buf->sem_perm.mode);
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_setmode(int semid, char *mode)
- {
- union semun su;
- // 注意: 下面这两行语句一定要设定.
- // (告诉内核使用的semun的哪个字段)
- struct semid_ds sd;
- su.buf = &sd;
- //
- sscanf(mode, "%o", (unsigned int *)&su.buf->sem_perm.mode);
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_SET, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_setmode error");
- return 0;
- }
semop
- int semop(int semid, struct sembuf *sops, unsigned nsops);
用来操纵一个信号量集, 以实现P,V操作
参数:
semid:是该信号量的标识码,也就是semget函数的返回值
sops:是个指向一个结构数组(如果信号量集中只有一个信号量的话, 只有一个结构体也可)的指针
nsops:所设置的信号量个数(如果nsops>1话, 需要将sops[第二个参数]设置成为一个结构数组, 具体参考Man-Page给出的示例代码), 第三个参数其实也指出第二个参数所表示对象的个数;
- //sembuf结构体
- struct sembuf
- {
- unsigned short sem_num; /*semaphore number:信号量的编号(从0开始)*/
- short sem_op; /* semaphore operation(+1, 0, -1) */
- short sem_flg; /* operation flags: 常用取值为SEM_UNDO(解释见下) */
- };
sem_op是信号量一次PV操作时加减的数值,一般只会用到两个值,一个是“-1”,也就是P操作,等待信号量变得可用;另一个是“+1”,也就是V操作,发出信号量已经变得可用, 该参数还可以等于0, 表示进程将阻塞直到信号量的值等于0;
sem_flg有三个取值: SEM_UNDO(在进程结束时, 将该进程对信号量的操作复原[即:取消该进程对信号量所有的操作], 推荐使用), IPC_NOWAIT(非阻塞)或0(默认操作, 并不撤销操作);
- /** 示例: P,V操作封装
- **可以将sembuf的第三个参数设置为IPC_NOWAIT/0, 以查看程序的状态的变化
- **/
- int sem_P(int semid)
- {
- struct sembuf sops = {0, -1, SEM_UNDO};
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_P error");
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_V(int semid)
- {
- struct sembuf sops = {0, +1, SEM_UNDO};
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_V error");
- return 0;
- }
- /** 信号量综合运用示例:
- 编译完成之后, 直接运行./semtool, 程序将打印该工具的用法;
- 下面的这些函数调用, 只不过是对上面所封装函数的稍稍改动, 理解起来并不困难;
- **/
- //semtool.cpp
- #include "Usage.h"
- int main(int argc,char *argv[])
- {
- int opt = getopt(argc, argv, "cdpvs:gfm:");
- if (opt == '?')
- exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
- else if (opt == -1)
- {
- usage();
- exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
- }
- key_t key = ftok(".", 's');
- int semid;
- switch (opt)
- {
- case 'c':
- sem_create(key);
- break;
- case 'd':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_delete(semid);
- break;
- case 'p':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_P(semid);
- sem_getval(semid);
- break;
- case 'v':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_V(semid);
- sem_getval(semid);
- break;
- case 's':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_setval(semid, atoi(optarg));
- sem_getval(semid);
- break;
- case 'g':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_getval(semid);
- break;
- case 'f':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_getmode(semid);
- break;
- case 'm':
- semid = sem_open(key);
- sem_setmode(semid, argv[2]);
- sem_getmode(semid);
- break;
- default:
- break;
- }
- return 0;
- }
- //Usage.h
- #ifndef USAGE_H_INCLUDED
- #define USAGE_H_INCLUDED
- #include <iostream>
- #include <string>
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <sys/types.h>
- #include <sys/stat.h>
- #include <sys/ipc.h>
- #include <sys/wait.h>
- #include <sys/time.h>
- #include <sys/msg.h>
- #include <sys/shm.h>
- #include <sys/mman.h>
- #include <sys/sem.h>
- #include <fcntl.h>
- #include <signal.h>
- #include <unistd.h>
- #include <grp.h>
- #include <pwd.h>
- #include <time.h>
- #include <errno.h>
- #include <mqueue.h>
- using namespace std;
- inline void err_quit(std::string message);
- inline void err_exit(std::string message);
- void usage()
- {
- cerr << "Usage:" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -c #create" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -d #delte" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -p #signal" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -v #wait" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -s <val> #set-value" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -g #get-value" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -f #print-mode" << endl;
- cerr << "./semtool -m <mode> #set-mode" << endl;
- }
- int sem_create(key_t key)
- {
- int semid = semget(key, 1, IPC_CREAT|IPC_EXCL|0666);
- if (semid == -1)
- err_exit("sem_create error");
- return semid;
- }
- int sem_open(key_t key)
- {
- int semid = semget(key, 0, 0);
- if (semid == -1)
- err_exit("sem_open error");
- return semid;
- }
- union semun
- {
- int val; /* Value for SETVAL */
- struct semid_ds *buf; /* Buffer for IPC_STAT, IPC_SET */
- unsigned short *array; /* Array for GETALL, SETALL */
- struct seminfo *__buf; /* Buffer for IPC_INFO (Linux-specific) */
- };
- int sem_getmode(int semid)
- {
- union semun su;
- // 注意: 下面这两行语句一定要设定.
- // (告诉内核使用的semun的哪个字段)
- struct semid_ds sd;
- su.buf = &sd;
- //
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_getmode error");
- printf("current permissions is: %o\n", su.buf->sem_perm.mode);
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_setmode(int semid, char *mode)
- {
- union semun su;
- // 注意: 下面这两行语句一定要设定.
- // (告诉内核使用的semun的哪个字段)
- struct semid_ds sd;
- su.buf = &sd;
- //
- sscanf(mode, "%o", (unsigned int *)&su.buf->sem_perm.mode);
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_SET, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_setmode error");
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_getval(int semid)
- {
- int value = semctl(semid, 0, GETVAL);
- if (value == -1)
- err_exit("sem_getval error");
- cout << "current value: " << value << endl;
- return value;
- }
- int sem_setval(int semid, int value)
- {
- union semun su;
- su.val = value;
- if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, su) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_setval error");
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_delete(int semid)
- {
- if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_RMID) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_delete error");
- return 0;
- }
- // 为了能够打印信号量的持续变化, 因此sem_flg我们并没用SEM_UNDO
- // 但是我们推荐使用SEM_UNDO
- int sem_P(int semid)
- {
- struct sembuf sops = {0, -1, 0};
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_P error");
- return 0;
- }
- int sem_V(int semid)
- {
- struct sembuf sops = {0, +1, 0};
- if (semop(semid, &sops, 1) == -1)
- err_exit("sem_V error");
- return 0;
- }
- inline void err_quit(std::string message)
- {
- std::cerr << message << std::endl;
- exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
- }
- inline void err_exit(std::string message)
- {
- perror(message.c_str());
- exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
- }
- #endif // USAGE_H_INCLUDED
附-Makefile
- .PHONY: clean all
- CC = g++
- CPPFLAGS = -Wall -g
- BIN = semtool
- SOURCES = $(BIN.=.cpp)
- all: $(BIN)
- %.o: %.c
- $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $^ -o $@
- main: main.o
- $(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $^ -lrt -o $@
- clean:
- -rm -rf $(BIN) *.o bin/ obj/ core