2015.3.2
进程和程序有三点不同：
1，存在位置不同，程序：硬盘，磁盘。进程：内存
2. 程序是静态的，进程是动态的
执行./a.out -->bash->bash程序调用fork()-->子进程将./a.out后面的参数存放到argv[].然后调用exec处理这些参数，最后子进程退出，光标闪动
进程进入停止态：1，调试的时候，2，将前台变成后台运行
线程：每个程序加载到内存后可以对应创建一个或多个顺序执行流（能使进程在同一时刻做不止一件事，每个线程处理各自独立的任务）
回调函数
同步和互斥
exec函数族的基本用法参考：
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void printUsage(const char *argv0)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Usage : %s <exec type>\n"
"exec type : execl\n"
" execlp,\n"
" execv,\n"
" execvp\n",
argv0);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *vector[] = {"ps","-f",NULL};
if(argc != 2)
{
printUsage(argv[0]);
return 1;
}
if(0 == strcmp(argv[1],"execl"))
{
if(execl("/bin/ps","ps","-f",NULL) < 0)
{
perror("execl error!");
}
}
else if(0 == strcmp(argv[1],"execlp"))
{
if(execlp("ps","ps","-f",NULL) < 0)
{
perror("execlp error!");
}
}
else if(0 == strcmp(argv[1],"execv"))
{
if(execv("/bin/ps",vector) < 0)
{
perror("execv error!");
}
}
else if(0 == strcmp(argv[1],"execvp"))
{
if(execvp("ps",vector) < 0)
{
perror("execvp error!");
}
}
perror("note the program will not step the exec() function met some errors");
return 0;
}
守护进程的创建和出错处理：（守护进程出错，将错误信息输出到文件中，调用日志函数实现）
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcnl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>
int main()
{
pid_t pid, sid;
int i,fd;
char *buf = "this is a Daemon\n";
pid = fork();
if(pid < 0)
{
printf("error fork\n");
exit(1);
}
else if(pid > 0)
{
exit(0);
}
openlog("daemon_syslog",LOG_PID,LOD_DAEMON);
if((sid = setsid()) < 0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"%s\n","setsid")
exit(1);
}
if((sid = chdir("/")) < 0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"%s\n","setsid");
exit(1);
}
for(i = 0; i < getdtablesize(); i++)
{
close(i);
}
while(1)
{
if((fd = open("/tmp/daemon.log",O_CREAT|OWRONLY|O_APPEND.0600))<0)
{
syslog(LOG_ERR,"open");
exit(1);
}
write(fd,buf, strlen(buf) + 1);
close(fd);
sleep(10);
}
closelog();
exit(0);
}
线程的创建，结束和回收！
涉及到的相关函数如下：
int pthread_create(pthread_t *thread, pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(start_continue)(void *),void *arg);
void pthread_exit(void *retval);
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **thread_result);
int pthread_cancle(pthread_t thread);
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
char message[32] = "hello world";
void *thread_function(void *arg);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pthread_t a_thread;
void *thread_result;
if(pthread_create(&a_thread, NULL, thread_function,(void *)message) < 0)
{
perror("fail to pthread_create");
exit(-1);
}
printf("waiting for thread to finish\n");
if(pthread_join(a_thread, &thread_result) < 0)
{
perror("fail to prhread_join");
exit(-1);
}
printf("message is now %s\n",message);
return 0;
}
void *thread_function(void *arg)
{
printf("thread_function is runing,argument is %s\n",(char *)arg);
strcpy(message,"marked by thread");
pthread_exit("thank you for the cpu time");
}
上面程序编译的时候用这条语句：gcc XXXX.c -lpthread -D _REENTRANT
-lpthread // 链接pthread库
-D _REENTRANT //生成可重入代码
程序运行结果：
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ gcc test13.c -lpthread -D_REENTRANT
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ ./a.out
waiting for thread to finish
thread_function is runing,argument is hello world
message is now marked by thread
创建两个线程，分别执行不同的程序，最后退出并由主程序回收。
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
char message1[] = "AAAAAAAAAA";
char message2[] = "BBBBBBBBBB";
void *thread_function1(void *arg1);
void *thread_function2(void *arg2);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
pthread_t a_thread1,a_thread2;
//void *thread_result;
if(pthread_create(&a_thread1, NULL, thread_function1,(void *)message1) < 0)
{
perror("fail to pthread_create 1");
exit(-1);
}
if(pthread_create(&a_thread2, NULL, thread_function2,(void *)message2) < 0)
{
perror("fail to pthread_create 2");
exit(-1);
}
printf("waiting for thread to finish\n");
if(pthread_join(a_thread1, NULL) < 0)
{
perror("fail to prhread_join");
exit(-1);
}
if(pthread_join(a_thread2,NULL) < 0)
{
perror("fail to prhread_join");
exit(-1);
}
return 0;
}
void *thread_function1(void *arg1)
{
int i;
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("string is %s \n",(void *)arg1);
sleep(1);
}
pthread_exit("thread 1 is exit");
}
void *thread_function2(void *arg2)
{
int i;
//sleep(10);
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("string is %s \n",(void *)arg2);
sleep(1);
}
pthread_exit("thread 2 is exit");
}
上面程序的运行结果：
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ ./a.out
waiting for thread to finish
string is BBBBBBBBBB
string is AAAAAAAAAA
string is BBBBBBBBBB
string is AAAAAAAAAA
string is BBBBBBBBBB
string is AAAAAAAAAA
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$
线程间同步：
信号量是一个受保护的量，只能通过三种操作进行访问：
1.初始化
2.P操作（申请资源）
3.V操作（释放资源）
信号量的值是非负整数
p操作包含下面内容：
if（信号量 > 0）
{
申请资源的任务继续运行；
信号量的值 - 1；
}
else
{
申请资源的任务阻塞；
}
ｖ操作包含下面的内容：
if（没有任务在等待资源）
{
信号量的值 + 1；
}
else
{
唤醒第一个等待的任务，让其继续运行；
}
同步中涉及到的常用的信号量操作函数如下：
int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem);
int sem_getvalue(sem_t *sem, int svalue);
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <semaphore.h>
char buf[60];
sem_t sem;
void *function(void * arg);
int main(int argc,char **argv)
{
pthread_t a_thread;
void *thread_result;
if(sem_init(&sem,0,0) < 0)
{
perror("fail to sem_init");
exit(-1);
}
if(pthread_create(&a_thread,NULL,function,NULL) < 0)
{
perror("fail to pthread_create");
exit(-1);
}
printf("input 'quit' to exit\n");
do
{
fgets(buf, 60, stdin);
sem_post(&sem);
}while(strncmp(buf,"quit",4) != 0);
return 0;
}
void *function(void * arg)
{
while(1)
{
sem_wait(&sem);
printf("you enter %d characters\n",strlen(buf)-1);
}
}
进程间互斥：加互斥锁
互斥锁涉及到的一些常用函数如下：
int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *mutex, pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);
int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <pthread.h>
//#define _LOCK_
unsigned int value1, value2,count;
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *function(void *arg);
int main(int argc,char ** argv)
{
pthread_t a_thread;
if(pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL) < 0)
{
perror("fail to mutex_init");
exit(-1);
}
if(pthread_create(&a_thread, NULL, function,NULL) < 0)
{
perror("fail to pthread_create");
exit(-1);
}
while(1)
{
count++;
#ifdef _LOCK_
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
#endif
value1 = count;
value2 = count;
#ifdef _LOCK_
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
#endif
}
return 0;
}
void *function(void *arg)
{
while(1)
{
#ifdef _LOCK_
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
#endif
if(value1 != value2)
{
printf("count = %d, value1 = %d, value2 = %d\n",count, value1, value2);
usleep(100000);
}
#ifdef _LOCK_
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
#endif
}
return NULL;
}
将define _LOCK_ 屏蔽后运行结果：（不屏蔽程序没有输出，value1和value2相等）
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ gcc lock14.c -lpthread -D_REENTRANT
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ ./a.out
count = 3338702, value1 = 3338702, value2 = 3338701
count = 53692966, value1 = 53692966, value2 = 53692965
count = 89910265, value1 = 89910265, value2 = 89910264
count = 125008213, value1 = 125008213, value2 = 125008212
count = 149351134, value1 = 149351134, value2 = 149351133
count = 171729575, value1 = 171729575, value2 = 171729574
count = 228510044, value1 = 228510044, value2 = 228510043
count = 256495259, value1 = 256495259, value2 = 256495258
count = 287733530, value1 = 287733530, value2 = 287733529
count = 324321776, value1 = 324321776, value2 = 324321775
count = 365523395, value1 = 365523395, value2 = 365523394
count = 420680808, value1 = 420680808, value2 = 420680807
count = 448359597, value1 = 448359597, value2 = 448359596
count = 494800004, value1 = 494800004, value2 = 494800003
count = 528839826, value1 = 528839826, value2 = 528839825
^C
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ ^C
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$
互斥锁的另一个参考程序；
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#define THREAD_NUM 3
#define REPEAT_NUM 3
#define DELAY_TIME_LEVELS 3.0
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
void *thrd_func(void *arg)
{
int thrd_num = (int)arg;
int delay_time = 0;
int count = 0;
int res;
res = pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
if(res)
{
printf("thread %d lock failed\n",thrd_num);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
printf("thread %d is starting\n",thrd_num);
for(count = 0; count < REPEAT_NUM; count++)
{
delay_time = (int)(rand() * DELAY_TIME_LEVELS/(RAND_MAX)) + 1;
sleep(delay_time);
printf("\tThread %d:job %d delay = %d\n",
thrd_num,count, delay_time);
}
printf("thread %d finished\n",thrd_num);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main(void)
{
pthread_t thread[THREAD_NUM];
int no = 0, tpid;
void *thrd_ret;
srand(time(NULL));
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex,NULL);
for(no = 0; no < THREAD_NUM; no++)
{
tpid = pthread_create(&thread[no],NULL,thrd_func,(void *)no);
if(tpid != 0)
{
printf("create thread %d failed\n",no);
exit(-1);
}
}
printf("create treates success\nwaiting for threads to finish...\n");
for(no = 0; no < THREAD_NUM; no++)
{
tpid = pthread_join(thread[no],&thrd_ret);
if(tpid == 0)
{
printf("thread %d joined\n",no);
}
else
{
printf("thread %d join failed\n",no);
}
}
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
上面程序运行结果：（结果和书本上有所不同，分析原因是线程执行顺序不同，但是第一个thread 2 is starting有疑问，应该是thread 0 is starting才对，有待解决）
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ gcc thread_mutex.c -lpthread -D_REENTRANT
thread_mutex.c: In function ‘thrd_func’:
thread_mutex.c:14: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size
thread_mutex.c: In function ‘main’:
thread_mutex.c:58: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$ ./a.out
create treates success
waiting for threads to finish...
thread 2 is starting
Thread 2:job 0 delay = 3
Thread 2:job 1 delay = 3
Thread 2:job 2 delay = 1
thread 2 finished
thread 1 is starting
Thread 1:job 0 delay = 1
Thread 1:job 1 delay = 1
Thread 1:job 2 delay = 1
thread 1 finished
thread 0 is starting
Thread 0:job 0 delay = 3
Thread 0:job 1 delay = 3
Thread 0:job 2 delay = 2
thread 0 finished
thread 0 joined
thread 1 joined
thread 2 joined
lg@lg-desktop:/mnt/hgfs/source test/file IO$
***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
***************************************************************************************************************************************************************
***************************************************************************************************************************************************************