在Java 5以前,是用synchronized关键字来实现锁的功能。
synchronized关键字可以作为方法的修饰符(同步方法),也可作用于函数内的语句(同步代码块)。
掌握synchronized,关键是要掌握把那个东西作为锁。对于类的非静态方法(成员方法)而言,意味着要取得对象实例的锁;对于类的静态方法(类方法)而言,要取得类的Class对象的锁;对于同步代码块,要指定取得的是哪个对象的锁。同步非静态方法可以视为包含整个方法的synchronized(this) { … }代码块。
不管是同步代码块还是同步方法,每次只有一个线程可以进入(在同一时刻最多只有一个线程执行该段代码。),如果其他线程试图进入(不管是同一同步块还是不同的同步块),jvm会将它们挂起(放入到等锁池中)。这种结构在并发理论中称为临界区(critical section)。
在jvm内部,为了提高效率,同时运行的每个线程都会有它正在处理的数据的缓存副本,当我们使用synchronzied进行同步的时候,真正被同步的是在不同线程中表示被锁定对象的内存块(副本数据会保持和主内存的同步,现在知道为什么要用同步这个词汇了吧),简单的说就是在同步块或同步方法执行完后,对被锁定的对象做的任何修改要在释放锁之前写回到主内存中;在进入同步块得到锁之后,被锁定对象的数据是从主内存中读出来的,持有锁的线程的数据副本一定和主内存中的数据视图是同步的 。
下面举具体的例子来说明synchronized的各种情况。
synchronized同步方法
首先来看同步方法的例子:
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public class SynchronizedTest1 extends Thread
{
private synchronized void testSynchronizedMethod()
{
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ " testSynchronizedMethod:" + i);
try
{
Thread.sleep( 100 );
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
public void run()
{
testSynchronizedMethod();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
SynchronizedTest1 t = new SynchronizedTest1();
t.start();
t.testSynchronizedMethod();
}
}
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运行该程序输出结果为:
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main testSynchronizedMethod:0
main testSynchronizedMethod:1
main testSynchronizedMethod:2
main testSynchronizedMethod:3
main testSynchronizedMethod:4
main testSynchronizedMethod:5
main testSynchronizedMethod:6
main testSynchronizedMethod:7
main testSynchronizedMethod:8
main testSynchronizedMethod:9
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:0
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:1
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:2
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:3
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:4
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:5
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:6
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:7
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:8
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:9
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可以看到testSynchronizedMethod方法在两个线程之间同步执行。
如果此时将main方法修改为如下所示,则两个线程并不能同步执行,因为此时两个线程的同步监视器不是同一个对象,不能起到同步的作用。
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public static void main(String[] args)
{
Thread t = new SynchronizedTest1();
t.start();
Thread t1 = new SynchronizedTest1();
t1.start();
}
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此时输出结果如下所示:
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Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:0
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:0
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:1
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:1
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:2
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:2
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:3
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:3
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:4
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:4
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:5
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:5
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:6
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:6
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:7
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:7
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:8
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:8
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:9
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:9
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若想修改后的main方法能够在两个线程之间同步运行,需要将testSynchronizedMethod方法声明为静态方法,这样两个线程的监视器是同一个对象(类对象),能够同步执行。修改后的代码如下所示:
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public class SynchronizedTest1 extends Thread
{
private static synchronized void testSynchronizedMethod()
{
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ " testSynchronizedMethod:" + i);
try
{
Thread.sleep( 100 );
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
public void run()
{
testSynchronizedMethod();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Thread t = new SynchronizedTest1();
t.start();
Thread t1 = new SynchronizedTest1();
t1.start();
}
}
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输出结果如下:
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Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:0
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:1
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:2
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:3
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:4
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:5
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:6
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:7
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:8
Thread-0 testSynchronizedMethod:9
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:0
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:1
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:2
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:3
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:4
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:5
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:6
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:7
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:8
Thread-1 testSynchronizedMethod:9
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同步块的情况与同步方法类似,只是同步块将同步控制的粒度缩小,这样能够更好的发挥多线程并行执行的效率。
使用this对象控制同一对象实例之间的同步:
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public class SynchronizedTest2 extends Thread
{
private void testSynchronizedBlock()
{
synchronized ( this )
{
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ " testSynchronizedBlock:" + i);
try
{
Thread.sleep( 100 );
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
@Override
public void run()
{
testSynchronizedBlock();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
SynchronizedTest2 t = new SynchronizedTest2();
t.start();
t.testSynchronizedBlock();
}
}
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输出结果:
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main testSynchronizedBlock:0
main testSynchronizedBlock:1
main testSynchronizedBlock:2
main testSynchronizedBlock:3
main testSynchronizedBlock:4
main testSynchronizedBlock:5
main testSynchronizedBlock:6
main testSynchronizedBlock:7
main testSynchronizedBlock:8
main testSynchronizedBlock:9
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:0
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:1
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:2
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:3
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:4
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:5
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:6
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:7
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:8
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:9
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使用class对象控制不同实例之间的同步:
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public class SynchronizedTest2 extends Thread
{
private void testSynchronizedBlock()
{
synchronized (SynchronizedTest2. class )
{
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++)
{
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()
+ " testSynchronizedBlock:" + i);
try
{
Thread.sleep( 100 );
}
catch (InterruptedException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
@Override
public void run()
{
testSynchronizedBlock();
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Thread t = new SynchronizedTest2();
t.start();
Thread t2 = new SynchronizedTest2();
t2.start();
}
}
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输出结果:
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Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:0
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:1
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:2
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:3
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:4
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:5
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:6
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:7
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:8
Thread-0 testSynchronizedBlock:9
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:0
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:1
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:2
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:3
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:4
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:5
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:6
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:7
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:8
Thread-1 testSynchronizedBlock:9
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使用synchronized关键字进行同步控制时,一定要把握好对象监视器,只有获得监视器的进程可以运行,其它都需要等待获取监视器。任何一个非null的对象都可以作为对象监视器,当synchronized作用在方法上时,锁住的便是对象实例(this);当作用在静态方法时锁住的便是对象对应的Class实例
两个线程同时访问一个对象的同步方法
当两个并发线程访问同一个对象的同步方法时,只能有一个线程得到执行。另一个线程必须等待当前线程执行完这个以后才能执行。
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public class TwoThread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final TwoThread twoThread = new TwoThread();
Thread t1 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
twoThread.syncMethod();
}
}, "A" );
Thread t2 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
twoThread.syncMethod();
}
}, "B" );
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
public synchronized void syncMethod() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " : " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
}
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输出结果:
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A : 0
A : 1
A : 2
A : 3
A : 4
B : 0
B : 1
B : 2
B : 3
B : 4
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两个线程访问的是两个对象的同步方法
这种情况下,synchronized不起作用,跟普通的方法一样。因为对应的锁是各自的对象。
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public class TwoObject {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final TwoObject object1 = new TwoObject();
Thread t1 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
object1.syncMethod();
}
}, "Object1" );
t1.start();
final TwoObject object2 = new TwoObject();
Thread t2 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
object2.syncMethod();
}
}, "Object2" );
t2.start();
}
public synchronized void syncMethod() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " : " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
}
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其中一种可能的输出结果:
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Object2 : 0
Object1 : 0
Object1 : 1
Object2 : 1
Object2 : 2
Object1 : 2
Object2 : 3
Object1 : 3
Object1 : 4
Object2 : 4
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两个线程访问的是synchronized的静态方法
这种情况,由于锁住的是Class,在任何时候,该静态方法只有一个线程可以执行。
同时访问同步方法与非同步方法
当一个线程访问对象的一个同步方法时,另一个线程仍然可以访问该对象中的非同步方法。
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public class SyncAndNoSync {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final SyncAndNoSync syncAndNoSync = new SyncAndNoSync();
Thread t1 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
syncAndNoSync.syncMethod();
}
}, "A" );
t1.start();
Thread t2 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
syncAndNoSync.noSyncMethod();
}
}, "B" );
t2.start();
}
public synchronized void syncMethod() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " at syncMethod(): " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
public void noSyncMethod() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " at noSyncMethod(): " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
}
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一种可能的输出结果:
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B at noSyncMethod(): 0
A at syncMethod(): 0
B at noSyncMethod(): 1
A at syncMethod(): 1
B at noSyncMethod(): 2
A at syncMethod(): 2
B at noSyncMethod(): 3
A at syncMethod(): 3
A at syncMethod(): 4
B at noSyncMethod(): 4
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访问同一个对象的不同同步方法
当一个线程访问一个对象的同步方法A时,其他线程对该对象中所有其它同步方法的访问将被阻塞。因为第一个线程已经获得了对象锁,其他线程得不到锁,则虽然是访问不同的方法,但是没有获得锁,也无法访问。
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public class TwoSyncMethod {
public static void main(String[] args) {
final TwoSyncMethod twoSyncMethod = new TwoSyncMethod();
Thread t1 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
twoSyncMethod.syncMethod1();
}
}, "A" );
t1.start();
Thread t2 = new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
twoSyncMethod.syncMethod2();
}
}, "B" );
t2.start();
}
public synchronized void syncMethod1() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " at syncMethod1(): " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
public synchronized void syncMethod2() {
for ( int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " at syncMethod2(): " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep( 500 );
} catch (InterruptedException ie) {
}
}
}
}
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输出结果:
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A at syncMethod1(): 0
A at syncMethod1(): 1
A at syncMethod1(): 2
A at syncMethod1(): 3
A at syncMethod1(): 4
B at syncMethod2(): 0
B at syncMethod2(): 1
B at syncMethod2(): 2
B at syncMethod2(): 3
B at syncMethod2(): 4
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