table_factor的语法和标准sql比较,后者只接受table_reference,每个逗号项都等于一个inner Join,e.g.
SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2, t3, t4)
ON (t2.a=t1.a AND t3.b=t1.b AND t4.c=t1.c)
等于:
SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 CROSS JOIN t3 CROSS JOIN t4)
ON (t2.a=t1.a AND t3.b=t1.b AND t4.c=t1.c)
在mysql中,cross join 语法上等效与 inner join(他们可以互相替换),在标准sql中,他们并不等效,
一般情况下,在只包含inner join操作的join表达式中,圆括号可以被忽略,但外连接时,省略圆括号会带来不一样的结果:
t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 LEFT JOIN t3 ON t2.b=t3.b OR t2.b IS NULL)
ON t1.a=t2.a
转变:
(t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.a) LEFT JOIN t3
ON t2.b=t3.b OR t2.b IS NULL
然而,这两个表达式并不等效,假设:
1: 表t1包含 行(1),(2);
2: 表t2包含行(1,101);
3: 表t3包含行(101); 在这种情况下,第一个表达式返回的结果集包括(1,1,101,101) ,(2,null,null,null),然而第二表达式返回(1,1,101,101),(2,null,null,101);
mysql> select * from
-> t1 left join
-> (t2 left join t3 on t2.b = t3.b or t2.b is null )
-> on t1.a = t2.a;
+------+------+------+------+
| a | a | b | b |
+------+------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 101 | 101 |
| 2 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from
-> (t1 left join t2 on t1.a = t2.a)
-> left join t3
-> on t2.b = t3.b or t2.b is null;
+------+------+------+------+
| a | a | b | b |
+------+------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 101 | 101 |
| 2 | NULL | NULL | 101 |
+------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
<============================================================================>
t1 LEFT JOIN (t2, t3) ON t1.a=t2.a
该表达式不能转变成:
t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.a=t2.a, t3.
Database changed
mysql> select * from t1 left join (t2,t3) on t1.a = t2.a;
+------+------+------+------+
| a | a | b | b |
+------+------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 101 | 101 |
| 2 | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.a = t2.a, t3;
+------+------+------+------+
| a | a | b | b |
+------+------+------+------+
| 1 | 1 | 101 | 101 |
| 2 | NULL | NULL | 101 |
+------+------+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
不同的结果集
因此,如果我们去掉有outer join操作的join表达式的圆括号,我们会改变原始表达式的结果集。
更加准确的,我们不能去掉左外连接的右括号操作,和右外连接的左括号操作。换句话,我们不能去掉外连接操作中的内表表达式的括号,外表的其他操作括号可以被去掉;
(t1,t2) LEFT JOIN t3 ON P(t2.b,t3.b)
等效于:
t1, t2 LEFT JOIN t3 ON P(t2.b,t3.b)
SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2 LEFT JOIN t3 ON t2.b=t3.b) ON t1.a=t2.a
WHERE t1.a > 1 SELECT * FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (t2, t3) ON t1.a=t2.a
WHERE (t2.b=t3.b OR t2.b IS NULL) AND t1.a > 1
这梁查询都包含内连接:
t2 LEFT JOIN t3 ON t2.b=t3.b
t2, t3
SELECT * FROM T1 INNER JOIN T2 ON P1(T1,T2)
INNER JOIN T3 ON P2(T2,T3)
WHERE P(T1,T2,T3).
该表达式的执行顺序:
FOR each row t1 in T1 {
FOR each row t2 in T2 such that P1(t1,t2) {
FOR each row t3 in T3 such that P2(t2,t3) {
IF P(t1,t2,t3) {
t:=t1||t2||t3; OUTPUT t;
}
}
}
}
SELECT * FROM T1 LEFT JOIN
(T2 LEFT JOIN T3 ON P2(T2,T3))
ON P1(T1,T2)
WHERE P(T1,T2,T3).
顺序:
FOR each row t1 in T1 {
BOOL f1:=FALSE;
FOR each row t2 in T2 such that P1(t1,t2) {
BOOL f2:=FALSE;
FOR each row t3 in T3 such that P2(t2,t3) {
IF P(t1,t2,t3) {
t:=t1||t2||t3; OUTPUT t;
}
f2=TRUE;
f1=TRUE;
}
IF (!f2) {
IF P(t1,t2,NULL) {
t:=t1||t2||NULL; OUTPUT t;
}
f1=TRUE;
}
}
IF (!f1) {
IF P(t1,NULL,NULL) {
t:=t1||NULL||NULL; OUTPUT t;
}
}
}
在一般情况下,对于在一外联接操作的任何嵌套循环的第一内表,一个标志被引入在循环之前处于关闭并在循环之后被检查。该标志被打开时,用于从外部表的当前行从代表内操作数表中找到一个匹配的。如果在循环周期结束的标志仍然关闭,没有发现匹配的外部表的当前行。在这种情况下,该行被用于内表的列补充NULL值。结果行被传递到最后的检查为输出或到下一个嵌套循环,但仅当行满足所有嵌入式外的连接条件。
对于外连接的查询,优化器可以只选择为循环表外循环在内部表之前的顺序。因此,我们外部连接的查询,只有一个嵌套顺序是可能的。对于下面的查询,优化器将评估两个不同的嵌套:
SELECT * T1 LEFT JOIN (T2,T3) ON P1(T1,T2) AND P2(T1,T3)
WHERE P(T1,T2,T3)
FOR each row t1 in T1 {
BOOL f1:=FALSE;
FOR each row t2 in T2 such that P1(t1,t2) {
FOR each row t3 in T3 such that P2(t1,t3) {
IF P(t1,t2,t3) {
t:=t1||t2||t3; OUTPUT t;
}
f1:=TRUE
}
}
IF (!f1) {
IF P(t1,NULL,NULL) {
t:=t1||NULL||NULL; OUTPUT t;
}
}
}
和:
FOR each row t1 in T1 {
BOOL f1:=FALSE;
FOR each row t3 in T3 such that P2(t1,t3) {
FOR each row t2 in T2 such that P1(t1,t2) {
IF P(t1,t2,t3) {
t:=t1||t2||t3; OUTPUT t;
}
f1:=TRUE
}
}
IF (!f1) {
IF P(t1,NULL,NULL) {
t:=t1||NULL||NULL; OUTPUT t;
}
}
}
如果P可以拆分:
P(T1,T2,T2) = C1(T1) AND C2(T2) AND C3(T3).
算法会变成
FOR each row t1 in T1 such that C1(t1) {
FOR each row t2 in T2 such that P1(t1,t2) AND C2(t2) {
FOR each row t3 in T3 such that P2(t2,t3) AND C3(t3) {
IF P(t1,t2,t3) {
t:=t1||t2||t3; OUTPUT t;
}
}
}
}
每个合取C1(T1)的,C 2(T2),C 3(T3)被压出的最内环到最外循环在那里可以进行评估。如果C1(T 1)是一个非常严格的条件下,此条件下推可能大大从传递给内表T1减少行数。其结果是,在执行时间的查询可能提高极大。