linux内核源码阅读之facebook硬盘加速flashcache之三

时间:2022-04-06 07:53:10
上一节讲到在刷缓存的时候会调用new_kcahed_job创建kcached_job,由此我们也可以看到cache数据块与磁盘数据的对应关系。上一篇:http://blog.csdn.net/liumangxiong/article/details/11726651
现在继续从new_kcached_job函数中挖掘有用的信息。那就是cache块跟磁盘上扇区是怎么对应起来的?即329行的为什么要写的disk.sector是后面这个值呢?
          job->disk.sector = dmc->cache[index].dbn;

最这里是时候揭开变量dmc也就是结构体struct cache_c的真面目了。dmc可以理解成device mapper context或者device mapper cache。先看struct cache_c
134struct cache_c {
135 struct dm_target *tgt;
136
137 struct dm_dev *disk_dev; /* Source device */
138 struct dm_dev *cache_dev; /* Cache device */
139
140#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,27)
141 struct kcopyd_client *kcp_client; /* Kcopyd client for writing back data */
142#else
143 struct dm_kcopyd_client *kcp_client; /* Kcopyd client for writing back data */
144 struct dm_io_client *io_client; /* Client memory pool*/
145#endif
146
147 spinlock_t cache_spin_lock;
148
149 struct cacheblock *cache; /* Hash table for cache blocks */
150 struct cache_set *cache_sets;
151 struct cache_md_sector_head *md_sectors_buf;
152
153 sector_t size; /* Cache size */
154 unsigned int assoc; /* Cache associativity */
155 unsigned int block_size; /* Cache block size */
156 unsigned int block_shift; /* Cache block size in bits */
157 unsigned int block_mask; /* Cache block mask */
158 unsigned int consecutive_shift; /* Consecutive blocks size in bits */
159
160 wait_queue_head_t destroyq; /* Wait queue for I/O completion */
161 /* XXX - Updates of nr_jobs should happen inside the lock. But doing it outside
162 is OK since the filesystem is unmounted at this point */
163 atomic_t nr_jobs; /* Number of I/O jobs */
164 atomic_t fast_remove_in_prog;
165
166 int dirty_thresh_set; /* Per set dirty threshold to start cleaning */
167 int max_clean_ios_set; /* Max cleaning IOs per set */
168 int max_clean_ios_total; /* Total max cleaning IOs */
169 int clean_inprog;
170 int sync_index;
171 int nr_dirty;
172
173 int md_sectors; /* Numbers of metadata sectors, including header */
174
175 /* Stats */
176 unsigned long reads; /* Number of reads */
177 unsigned long writes; /* Number of writes */
178 unsigned long read_hits; /* Number of cache hits */
179 unsigned long write_hits; /* Number of write hits (includes dirty write hits) */
180 unsigned long dirty_write_hits; /* Number of "dirty" write hits */
181 unsigned long replace; /* Number of cache replacements */
182 unsigned long wr_replace;
183 unsigned long wr_invalidates; /* Number of write invalidations */
184 unsigned long rd_invalidates; /* Number of read invalidations */
185 unsigned long pending_inval; /* Invalidations due to concurrent ios on same block */
186 unsigned long cached_blocks; /* Number of cached blocks */
187#ifdef FLASHCACHE_DO_CHECKSUMS
188 unsigned long checksum_store;
189 unsigned long checksum_valid;
190 unsigned long checksum_invalid;
191#endif
192 unsigned long enqueues; /* enqueues on pending queue */
193 unsigned long cleanings;
194 unsigned long noroom; /* No room in set */
195 unsigned long md_write_dirty; /* Metadata sector writes dirtying block */
196 unsigned long md_write_clean; /* Metadata sector writes cleaning block */
197 unsigned long pid_drops;
198 unsigned long pid_adds;
199 unsigned long pid_dels;
200 unsigned long expiry;
201 unsigned long front_merge, back_merge; /* Write Merging */
202 unsigned long uncached_reads, uncached_writes;
203 unsigned long disk_reads, disk_writes;
204 unsigned long ssd_reads, ssd_writes;
205 unsigned long ssd_readfills, ssd_readfill_unplugs;
206
207 unsigned long clean_set_calls;
208 unsigned long clean_set_less_dirty;
209 unsigned long clean_set_fails;
210 unsigned long clean_set_ios;
211 unsigned long set_limit_reached;
212 unsigned long total_limit_reached;
213
214 /* Errors */
215 int disk_read_errors;
216 int disk_write_errors;
217 int ssd_read_errors;
218 int ssd_write_errors;
219 int memory_alloc_errors;
220
221#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE < KERNEL_VERSION(2,6,20)
222 struct work_struct delayed_clean;
223#else
224 struct delayed_work delayed_clean;
225#endif
226
227 /* State for doing readfills (batch writes to ssd) */
228 int readfill_in_prog;
229 struct kcached_job *readfill_queue;
230 struct work_struct readfill_wq;
231
232 unsigned long pid_expire_check;
233
234 struct flashcache_cachectl_pid *blacklist_head, *blacklist_tail;
235 struct flashcache_cachectl_pid *whitelist_head, *whitelist_tail;
236 int num_blacklist_pids, num_whitelist_pids;
237 unsigned long blacklist_expire_check, whitelist_expire_check;
238
239 struct cache_c *next_cache;
240
241 char cache_devname[DEV_PATHLEN];
242 char disk_devname[DEV_PATHLEN];
243};
这个多field,如果一个挨一个看一遍,估计我都要睡着了。就像看书一样,如果从第一章看到最后一章,看过之后脑子里总是一片空白。如果是先看目录,带着疑问找自己感兴趣的地方,不时回味一下为什么是这样子,不失为一种愉快并且有效的阅读方式。
那么在看这个数据结构之前,头脑风暴一下产生了以下的疑问:
1)源设备和目的设备分别是什么?映射后数据流是怎么样的?
2)缓存大小是多少?块大小多少?块是怎么组织的
3)脏数据刷新机制是什么样的?水位线是多少
第137,138行表示的磁盘和SSD盘,即目的盘和缓存盘。这里必须十分清楚缓存的概念,一般情况下讲到缓存都是在内存中的,但flashcache中提到缓存块的时候要记住是写在SSD盘上的。数据流的变化就是多了一层flashcache device,在命中情况下直接返回,不到磁盘层。
缓存大小由153行size表示,但要注意的是,这里的size既不是以字节为单位,而不是以sector为单位,而是以cache数据块为单位的。每个cache数据块为block_size大小。cache块的组织是以集合为单位,每个集合有assoc个块,简单地理解为二维数组,第一维得到的是一个集合,第二维得到集合内块数据。为了理解这个结构,来看函数flashcache_lookup,
543/*
544 * dbn is the starting sector, io_size is the number of sectors.
545 */
546static int
547flashcache_lookup(struct cache_c *dmc, struct bio *bio, int *index)
548{
549 sector_t dbn = bio->bi_sector;
550#if DMC_DEBUG
551 int io_size = to_sector(bio->bi_size);
552#endif
553 unsigned long set_number = hash_block(dmc, dbn);
554 int invalid, oldest_clean = -1;
555 int start_index;
556
557 start_index = dmc->assoc * set_number;
558 DPRINTK("Cache lookup : dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
559 dbn, io_size, set_number);
560 find_valid_dbn(dmc, dbn, start_index, index);
561 if (*index > 0) {
562 DPRINTK("Cache lookup HIT: Block %llu(%lu): VALID index %d",
563 dbn, io_size, *index);
564 /* We found the exact range of blocks we are looking for */
565 return VALID;
566 }
567 invalid = find_invalid_dbn(dmc, start_index);
568 if (invalid == -1) {
569 /* We didn't find an invalid entry, search for oldest valid entry */
570 find_reclaim_dbn(dmc, start_index, &oldest_clean);
571 }
572 /*
573 * Cache miss :
574 * We can't choose an entry marked INPROG, but choose the oldest
575 * INVALID or the oldest VALID entry.
576 */
577 *index = start_index + dmc->assoc;
578 if (invalid != -1) {
579 DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (INVALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
580 dbn, io_size, set_number, invalid, start_index);
581 *index = invalid;
582 } else if (oldest_clean != -1) {
583 DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (VALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
584 dbn, io_size, set_number, oldest_clean, start_index);
585 *index = oldest_clean;
586 } else {
587 DPRINTK_LITE("Cache read lookup MISS (NOROOM): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
588 dbn, io_size, set_number);
589 }
590 if (*index < (start_index + dmc->assoc))
591 return INVALID;
592 else {
593 dmc->noroom++;
594 return -1;
595 }
596}
第549行dbn是bio的起始扇区,第553行set_number就是这个扇区映射到的缓存集合,简单地看一下hash_block:
444/*
445 * Map a block from the source device to a block in the cache device.
446 */
447static unsigned long
448hash_block(struct cache_c *dmc, sector_t dbn)
449{
450 unsigned long set_number, value;
451
452 value = (unsigned long)
453 (dbn >> (dmc->block_shift + dmc->consecutive_shift));
454 set_number = value % (dmc->size >> dmc->consecutive_shift);
455 DPRINTK("Hash: %llu(%lu)->%lu", dbn, value, set_number);
456 return set_number;
457}
看注释,源设备块映射到cache设备块。看452行,1<<dmc->block_shift就是块大小,1<<dmc->consecutive_shift就是每个集合大小,所以得到的value就是这个扇区在哪个集合上。但直接返回这个值还不行,一般情况下源设备比缓存大得多,所以源设备上多处位置会映射到缓存的一个集合上。所以有了454行,源设备的多个集合映射到缓存的同一个集合上,(dmc->size >> dmc->consecutive_shift)就表示集合的个数。
继续flashcache_lookup第557行,start_index就是这个集合第一个cache块的下标,560行find_valid_db就是查找缓存是否命中,如果命中的话,由index返回,如果不命中,返回-1。第561行就是判断缓存命中,如果命中就直接返回;不命中的话就继续567行查找可用的缓存块。第578行是找到可用缓存块,582就是找到干净的回收缓存块,586就是没有找到可用的缓存块。
回到cache_c结构中来,接着讲刷新。刷新是由第224行工作队列控制的struct delayed_work delayed_clean;这个队列为什么是delayed_work,搜下这个队列的调用,在函数flashcache_clean_set中,
          if (do_delayed_clean)
               schedule_delayed_work(&dmc->delayed_clean, 1*HZ);

那为什么是延迟1秒调用,看do_delayed_clean
          if (dmc->cache_sets[set].nr_dirty > dmc->dirty_thresh_set)

               do_delayed_clean = 1;

这里的意思就是超过阈值的时候延迟1秒再检查一遍,为什么不立即做而要延迟呢?这个函数再往回看就知道了,原来下发的请求已经超过某一个阈值,这个时候就不再下发。
除了这个队列之外,还需要有一些阈值来控制。从166行到171行就是这些相关的设置。
nr_dirty是当前集合里脏cache块数
dirty_thresh_set 是超过这个界面就要开始将脏数据写回磁盘 
max_clean_ios_set 是单个集合下发写数据块的请求个数
max_clean_ios_total 是整个缓存下发写数据块的请求个数
clean_inprog 是已经下发的写数据块的请求个数
到这里再回去扫描一下cache_c结构,还有一些IO统计和错误统计的field。
每一场好戏都有精彩好戏在后头,cache_c也不例外,接着请三巨头隆重上场:
     struct cacheblock     *cache;     /* Hash table for cache blocks */

     struct cache_set     *cache_sets;

     struct cache_md_sector_head *md_sectors_buf;

第一个结构是cache块在内存中的表示,对应SSD上的是flash_cacheblock。第二个cache_set就是之前一直提到的集合。第三个用于flash_cacheblock刷新,即管理结构从内存cacheblock写到SSD的flash_cacheblock。下面逐一来看这三个结构体:
111/* Cache block metadata structure */
112struct cacheblock {
113 u_int16_t cache_state;
114 int16_t nr_queued; /* jobs in pending queue */
115 u_int16_t lru_prev, lru_next;
116 sector_t dbn; /* Sector number of the cached block */
117#ifdef FLASHCACHE_DO_CHECKSUMS
118 u_int64_t checksum;
119#endif
120 struct pending_job *head;
121};

cache_state; cache块的状态

 nr_queued;     /* jobs in pending queue */ 等待工作个数

 lru_prev, lru_next;  按LRU排序,指向前一个和后一个,注意这里是下标

 dbn;     /* Sector number of the cached block */  对应磁盘的扇区

 checksum;   校验

 struct pending_job *head;  等待工作
第二个数据结构:
123struct cache_set {
124 u_int32_t set_fifo_next;
125 u_int32_t set_clean_next;
126 u_int32_t clean_inprog;
127 u_int32_t nr_dirty;
128 u_int16_t lru_head, lru_tail;
129};

第三个数据结构:
344/*
345 * We have one of these for *every* cache metadata sector, to keep track
346 * of metadata ios in progress for blocks covered in this sector. Only
347 * one metadata IO per sector can be in progress at any given point in
348 * time
349 */
350struct cache_md_sector_head {
351 u_int32_t nr_in_prog;
352 struct kcached_job *pending_jobs, *md_io_inprog;
353};
看注释,每一个cache metadata扇区对应一个struct cache_md_sector_head结构,用以追踪这个扇区上的IO,这个扇区的IO来自该扇区对应的每一个cache块的状态变化。每一次只允许一个IO在下发。在初始化时,nr_in_prog为0,两个队列也都为零。其中的一个cache块发生变化并且状态要更新到SSD中,这时创建一个job并挂入到pending_jobs,下发时将nr_in_prog置为1,并将job从pending_jobs移到md_io_inprog,如果job下发过程中又有其他job下发,就挂到pending_jobs,等md_io_inprog处理完成再继续下一次下发过程。
到这里,我们把flashcache重要的数据结构都过了一遍。下一节开始介绍flashcache的数据流。