Android 中使用 dlib+opencv 实现动态人脸检测

时间:2022-09-29 06:56:20

1 概述

完成 Android 相机预览功能以后,在此基础上我使用 dlib 与 opencv 库做了一个关于人脸检测的 demo。该 demo 在相机预览过程中对人脸进行实时检测,并将检测到的人脸用矩形框描绘出来。具体实现原理如下:

采用双层 View,底层的 TextureView 用于预览,程序从 TextureView 中获取预览帧数据,然后调用 dlib 库对帧数据进行处理,最后将检测结果绘制在顶层的 SurfaceView 中。

2 项目配置

由于项目中用到了 dlib 与 opencv 库,因此需要对其进行配置。主要涉及到以下几个方面:

2.1 C++支持

在项目创建过程中依次选择 Include C++ Support、C++11、Exceptions Support ( -fexceptions )以及 Runtime Type Information Support ( -frtti ) 。最后生成的 build.gradle 文件如下:

defaultConfig {
    applicationId "com.example.lightweh.facedetection"
    minSdkVersion 23
    targetSdkVersion 28
    versionCode 1
    versionName "1.0"
    testInstrumentationRunner "android.support.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    externalNativeBuild {
        cmake {
            arguments "-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release"
            cppFlags "-std=c++11 -frtti -fexceptions"
        }
    }
}

其中,arguments 参数是后添加上去的,主要用于指定 CMake 的编译模式为 Release,因为在 Debug 模式下 dlib 库中相关算法的运行速度非常慢。前期如果需要调试 C++ 代码,可先将 arguments 参数注释。

2.2 dlib 与 opencv 下载

  • dlib官网下载最新版本的源码,解压后将文件夹中的dlib目录复制到 Android Studio 工程的 cpp 目录下。

  • sourceforge 下载最新的 opencv-android 库,解压后将文件夹中的 native 目录同样复制到 Android Studio 工程的 cpp 目录下,并改名为 opencv。

2.3 CMakeLists 配置

在 CMakeLists 文件中,我们首先包含 dlib 的 cmake 文件,接下来添加 opencv 的 include 文件夹并引入 opencv 的 so 库,同时将 jni_common 目录中的文件及人脸检测相关文件添加至 native-lib 库中,最后进行链接。

# 设置native目录
set(NATIVE_DIR ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/main/cpp)

# 设置dlib
include(${NATIVE_DIR}/dlib/cmake)

# 设置opencv include文件夹
include_directories(${NATIVE_DIR}/opencv/jni/include)

# 设置opencv的so库
add_library(
        libopencv_java3
        SHARED
        IMPORTED)

set_target_properties(
        libopencv_java3
        PROPERTIES
        IMPORTED_LOCATION
        ${NATIVE_DIR}/opencv/libs/${ANDROID_ABI}/libopencv_java3.so)

# 将jni_common目录中所有文件名,存至SRC_LIST中
AUX_SOURCE_DIRECTORY(${NATIVE_DIR}/jni_common SRC_LIST)

add_library( # Sets the name of the library.
        native-lib

        # Sets the library as a shared library.
        SHARED

        # Provides a relative path to your source file(s).
        ${SRC_LIST}
        src/main/cpp/face_detector.h
        src/main/cpp/face_detector.cpp
        src/main/cpp/native-lib.cpp)

find_library( # Sets the name of the path variable.
        log-lib

        # Specifies the name of the NDK library that
        # you want CMake to locate.
        log)

target_link_libraries( # Specifies the target library.
        native-lib
        dlib
        libopencv_java3
        jnigraphics
        # Links the target library to the log library
        # included in the NDK.
        ${log-lib})

# 指定release编译选项
set(CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE} -s -O3 -Wall")
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE} -s -O3 -Wall")

由于 C++ 代码中用到了头文件 "android/bitmap.h",所以链接时需要添加 jnigraphics 库。

3 JNI相关 Java 类定义

3.1 VisionDetRet 类

VisionDetRet 类的相关对象主要负责 C++ 与 Java 之间的数据传递。

public final class VisionDetRet {

    private int mLeft;
    private int mTop;
    private int mRight;
    private int mBottom;

    VisionDetRet() {}

    public VisionDetRet(int l, int t, int r, int b) {
        mLeft = l;
        mTop = t;
        mRight = r;
        mBottom = b;
    }

    public int getLeft() {
        return mLeft;
    }

    public int getTop() {
        return mTop;
    }

    public int getRight() {
        return mRight;
    }

    public int getBottom() {
        return mBottom;
    }
}

3.2 FaceDet 类

FaceDet 类为 JNI 函数调用类,主要定义了一些需要 C++ 实现的 native 方法。

public class FaceDet {
    private static final String TAG = "FaceDet";

    // accessed by native methods
    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private long mNativeFaceDetContext;

    static {
        try {
            // 预加载native方法库
            System.loadLibrary("native-lib");
            jniNativeClassInit();
            Log.d(TAG, "jniNativeClassInit success");
        } catch (UnsatisfiedLinkError e) {
            Log.e(TAG, "library not found");
        }
    }

    public FaceDet() {
        jniInit();
    }

    @Nullable
    @WorkerThread
    public List<VisionDetRet> detect(@NonNull Bitmap bitmap) {
        VisionDetRet[] detRets = jniBitmapDet(bitmap);
        return Arrays.asList(detRets);
    }

    @Override
    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
        super.finalize();
        release();
    }

    public void release() {
        jniDeInit();
    }

    @Keep
    private native static void jniNativeClassInit();

    @Keep
    private synchronized native int jniInit();

    @Keep
    private synchronized native int jniDeInit();

    @Keep
    private synchronized native VisionDetRet[] jniBitmapDet(Bitmap bitmap);
}

4 Native 方法实现

4.1 定义 VisionDetRet 类对应的 C++ 类

#include <jni.h>

#define CLASSNAME_VISION_DET_RET "com/lightweh/dlib/VisionDetRet"
#define CONSTSIG_VISION_DET_RET "()V"

#define CLASSNAME_FACE_DET "com/lightweh/dlib/FaceDet"

class JNI_VisionDetRet {
public:
    JNI_VisionDetRet(JNIEnv *env) {
        // 查找VisionDetRet类信息
        jclass detRetClass = env->FindClass(CLASSNAME_VISION_DET_RET);
        // 获取VisionDetRet类成员变量
        jID_left = env->GetFieldID(detRetClass, "mLeft", "I");
        jID_top = env->GetFieldID(detRetClass, "mTop", "I");
        jID_right = env->GetFieldID(detRetClass, "mRight", "I");
        jID_bottom = env->GetFieldID(detRetClass, "mBottom", "I");
    }

    void setRect(JNIEnv *env, jobject &jDetRet, const int &left, const int &top,
                 const int &right, const int &bottom) {
        // 设置VisionDetRet类对象jDetRet的成员变量值
        env->SetIntField(jDetRet, jID_left, left);
        env->SetIntField(jDetRet, jID_top, top);
        env->SetIntField(jDetRet, jID_right, right);
        env->SetIntField(jDetRet, jID_bottom, bottom);
    }
    // 创建VisionDetRet类实例
    static jobject createJObject(JNIEnv *env) {
        jclass detRetClass = env->FindClass(CLASSNAME_VISION_DET_RET);
        jmethodID mid =
                env->GetMethodID(detRetClass, "<init>", CONSTSIG_VISION_DET_RET);
        return env->NewObject(detRetClass, mid);
    }
    // 创建VisionDetRet类对象数组
    static jobjectArray createJObjectArray(JNIEnv *env, const int &size) {
        jclass detRetClass = env->FindClass(CLASSNAME_VISION_DET_RET);
        return (jobjectArray) env->NewObjectArray(size, detRetClass, NULL);
    }

private:
    jfieldID jID_left;
    jfieldID jID_top;
    jfieldID jID_right;
    jfieldID jID_bottom;
};

4.2 定义人脸检测类

人脸检测算法需要用大小位置不同的窗口在图像中进行滑动,然后判断窗口中是否存在人脸。本文采用的是 dlib 中的是HOG(histogram of oriented gradient)方法对人脸进行检测,其检测效果要好于 opencv。dlib 中同样提供了 CNN 方法来进行人脸检测,效果好于 HOG,不过需要使用 GPU 加速,不然程序运行会非常慢。

class FaceDetector {
private:

    dlib::frontal_face_detector face_detector;
    std::vector<dlib::rectangle> det_rects;

public:

    FaceDetector();
    // 实现人脸检测算法
    int Detect(const cv::Mat &image);

    // 返回检测结果
    std::vector<dlib::rectangle> getDetResultRects();
};
FaceDetector::FaceDetector() {
    // 定义人脸检测器
    face_detector = dlib::get_frontal_face_detector();
}

int FaceDetector::Detect(const cv::Mat &image) {

    if (image.empty())
        return 0;

    if (image.channels() == 1) {
        cv::cvtColor(image, image, CV_GRAY2BGR);
    }

    dlib::cv_image<dlib::bgr_pixel> dlib_image(image);

    det_rects.clear();

    // 返回检测到的人脸矩形特征框
    det_rects = face_detector(dlib_image);

    return det_rects.size();
}

std::vector<dlib::rectangle> FaceDetector::getDetResultRects() {
    return det_rects;
}

4.3 native 方法实现

JNI_VisionDetRet *g_pJNI_VisionDetRet;

JavaVM *g_javaVM = NULL;

// 该函数在加载本地库时被调用
JNIEXPORT jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM *vm, void *reserved) {
    g_javaVM = vm;
    JNIEnv *env;
    vm->GetEnv((void **) &env, JNI_VERSION_1_6);
    // 初始化 g_pJNI_VisionDetRet
    g_pJNI_VisionDetRet = new JNI_VisionDetRet(env);
    return JNI_VERSION_1_6;
}
// 该函数用于执行清理操作
void JNI_OnUnload(JavaVM *vm, void *reserved) {
    g_javaVM = NULL;
    delete g_pJNI_VisionDetRet;
}

namespace {
#define JAVA_NULL 0
    using DetPtr = FaceDetector *;
    // 用于存放人脸检测类对象的指针,关联Jave层对象与C++底层对象(相互对应)
    class JNI_FaceDet {
    public:
        JNI_FaceDet(JNIEnv *env) {
            jclass clazz = env->FindClass(CLASSNAME_FACE_DET);
            mNativeContext = env->GetFieldID(clazz, "mNativeFaceDetContext", "J");
            env->DeleteLocalRef(clazz);
        }

        DetPtr getDetectorPtrFromJava(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz) {
            DetPtr const p = (DetPtr) env->GetLongField(thiz, mNativeContext);
            return p;
        }

        void setDetectorPtrToJava(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jlong ptr) {
            env->SetLongField(thiz, mNativeContext, ptr);
        }

        jfieldID mNativeContext;
    };

    // Protect getting/setting and creating/deleting pointer between java/native
    std::mutex gLock;

    std::shared_ptr<JNI_FaceDet> getJNI_FaceDet(JNIEnv *env) {
        static std::once_flag sOnceInitflag;
        static std::shared_ptr<JNI_FaceDet> sJNI_FaceDet;
        std::call_once(sOnceInitflag, [env]() {
            sJNI_FaceDet = std::make_shared<JNI_FaceDet>(env);
        });
        return sJNI_FaceDet;
    }
    // 从java对象获取它持有的c++对象指针
    DetPtr const getDetPtr(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz) {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gLock);
        return getJNI_FaceDet(env)->getDetectorPtrFromJava(env, thiz);
    }

    // The function to set a pointer to java and delete it if newPtr is empty
    // C++对象new以后,将指针转成long型返回给java对象持有
    void setDetPtr(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, DetPtr newPtr) {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(gLock);
        DetPtr oldPtr = getJNI_FaceDet(env)->getDetectorPtrFromJava(env, thiz);
        if (oldPtr != JAVA_NULL) {
            delete oldPtr;
        }
        getJNI_FaceDet(env)->setDetectorPtrToJava(env, thiz, (jlong) newPtr);
    }

}  // end unnamespace

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#define DLIB_FACE_JNI_METHOD(METHOD_NAME) Java_com_lightweh_dlib_FaceDet_##METHOD_NAME

void JNIEXPORT
DLIB_FACE_JNI_METHOD(jniNativeClassInit)(JNIEnv *env, jclass _this) {}

// 生成需要返回的结果数组
jobjectArray getRecResult(JNIEnv *env, DetPtr faceDetector, const int &size) {
    // 根据检测到的人脸数创建相应大小的jobjectArray
    jobjectArray jDetRetArray = JNI_VisionDetRet::createJObjectArray(env, size);
    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        // 对检测到的每一个人脸创建对应的实例对象,然后插入数组
        jobject jDetRet = JNI_VisionDetRet::createJObject(env);
        env->SetObjectArrayElement(jDetRetArray, i, jDetRet);
        dlib::rectangle rect = faceDetector->getDetResultRects()[i];
        // 将人脸矩形框的值赋给对应的jobject实例对象
        g_pJNI_VisionDetRet->setRect(env, jDetRet, rect.left(), rect.top(),
                                     rect.right(), rect.bottom());
    }
    return jDetRetArray;
}

JNIEXPORT jobjectArray JNICALL
DLIB_FACE_JNI_METHOD(jniBitmapDet)(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz, jobject bitmap) {
    cv::Mat rgbaMat;
    cv::Mat bgrMat;
    jniutils::ConvertBitmapToRGBAMat(env, bitmap, rgbaMat, true);
    cv::cvtColor(rgbaMat, bgrMat, cv::COLOR_RGBA2BGR);
    // 获取人脸检测类指针
    DetPtr mDetPtr = getDetPtr(env, thiz);
    // 调用人脸检测算法,返回检测到的人脸数
    jint size = mDetPtr->Detect(bgrMat);
    // 返回检测结果
    return getRecResult(env, mDetPtr, size);
}

jint JNIEXPORT JNICALL
DLIB_FACE_JNI_METHOD(jniInit)(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz) {
    DetPtr mDetPtr = new FaceDetector();
    // 设置人脸检测类指针
    setDetPtr(env, thiz, mDetPtr);
    return JNI_OK;
}

jint JNIEXPORT JNICALL
DLIB_FACE_JNI_METHOD(jniDeInit)(JNIEnv *env, jobject thiz) {
    // 指针置0
    setDetPtr(env, thiz, JAVA_NULL);
    return JNI_OK;
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

5 Java端调用人脸检测算法

在开启人脸检测之前,需要在相机 AutoFitTextureView 上覆盖一层自定义 BoundingBoxView 用于绘制检测到的人脸矩形框,该 View 的具体实现如下:

public class BoundingBoxView extends SurfaceView implements SurfaceHolder.Callback {

    protected SurfaceHolder mSurfaceHolder;
    private Paint mPaint;
    private boolean mIsCreated;

    public BoundingBoxView(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {
        super(context, attrs);

        mSurfaceHolder = getHolder();
        mSurfaceHolder.addCallback(this);
        mSurfaceHolder.setFormat(PixelFormat.TRANSPARENT);
        setZOrderOnTop(true);

        mPaint = new Paint();
        mPaint.setAntiAlias(true);
        mPaint.setColor(Color.RED);
        mPaint.setStrokeWidth(5f);
        mPaint.setStyle(Paint.Style.STROKE);
    }

    @Override
    public void surfaceChanged(SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder, int format, int width, int height) {
    }

    @Override
    public void surfaceCreated(SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder) {
        mIsCreated = true;
    }

    @Override
    public void surfaceDestroyed(SurfaceHolder surfaceHolder) {
        mIsCreated = false;
    }

    public void setResults(List<VisionDetRet> detRets)
    {
        if (!mIsCreated) {
            return;
        }
        Canvas canvas = mSurfaceHolder.lockCanvas();
        //清除掉上一次的画框。
        canvas.drawColor(Color.TRANSPARENT, PorterDuff.Mode.CLEAR);
        canvas.drawColor(Color.TRANSPARENT);

        for (VisionDetRet detRet : detRets) {
            Rect rect = new Rect(detRet.getLeft(), detRet.getTop(), detRet.getRight(), detRet.getBottom());
            canvas.drawRect(rect, mPaint);
        }
        mSurfaceHolder.unlockCanvasAndPost(canvas);
    }
}

同时,需要在布局文件中添加对应的 BoundingBoxView 层,保证与 AutoFitTextureView 完全重合:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    tools:context=".CameraFragment">

    <com.lightweh.facedetection.AutoFitTextureView
        android:id="@+id/textureView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_centerVertical="true"
        android:layout_centerHorizontal="true" />

    <com.lightweh.facedetection.BoundingBoxView
        android:id="@+id/boundingBoxView"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/textureView"
        android:layout_alignTop="@+id/textureView"
        android:layout_alignRight="@+id/textureView"
        android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/textureView" />

</RelativeLayout>

BoundingBoxView 添加完成以后,即可在 CameraFragment 中添加对应的人脸检测代码:

private class detectAsync extends AsyncTask<Bitmap, Void, List<VisionDetRet>> {

    @Override
    protected void onPreExecute() {
        mIsDetecting = true;
        super.onPreExecute();
    }

    protected List<VisionDetRet> doInBackground(Bitmap... bp) {
        List<VisionDetRet> results;
        // 返回检测结果
        results = mFaceDet.detect(bp[0]);
        return results;
    }

    protected void onPostExecute(List<VisionDetRet> results) {
        // 绘制检测到的人脸矩形框
        mBoundingBoxView.setResults(results);
        mIsDetecting = false;
    }
}

然后,分别在 onResume 与 onPause 函数中完成人脸检测类对象的初始化和释放:

@Override
public void onResume() {
    super.onResume();
    startBackgroundThread();

    mFaceDet = new FaceDet();

    if (mTextureView.isAvailable()) {
        openCamera(mTextureView.getWidth(), mTextureView.getHeight());
    } else {
        mTextureView.setSurfaceTextureListener(mSurfaceTextureListener);
    }
}

@Override
public void onPause() {
    closeCamera();
    stopBackgroundThread();

    if (mFaceDet != null) {
        mFaceDet.release();
    }

    super.onPause();
}

最后,在 TextureView 的回调函数 onSurfaceTextureUpdated 完成调用:

@Override
public void onSurfaceTextureUpdated(SurfaceTexture texture) {
    if (!mIsDetecting) {
        Bitmap bp = mTextureView.getBitmap();
        // 保证图片方向与预览方向一致
        bp = Bitmap.createBitmap(bp, 0, 0, bp.getWidth(), bp.getHeight(), mTextureView.getTransform(null), true );

        new detectAsync().execute(bp);
    }
}

6 测试结果

经测试,960x720的 bitmap 图片在华为手机(Android 6.0,8核1.2GHz,2G内存)上执行一次检测约耗时800~850ms。Demo 运行效果如下:

Android 中使用 dlib+opencv 实现动态人脸检测

7 Demo 源码

Github:https://github.com/lightweh/FaceDetection

8. 参考

  • https://github.com/tzutalin/dlib-android
  • https://github.com/gv22ga/dlib-face-recognition-android
  • https://blog.csdn.net/yanzi1225627/article/details/7934710
  • https://blog.csdn.net/hjimce/article/details/64127654

本文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/lightweh/p/9815853.html,转载请注明出处。