本章旨在讨论中国人撰写英文科技论文时，失常误用的字词及片语。
可以用一次词表达清楚的，绝不用多个词，不管是动词介词都是这样，一个简练。
1 a lot of是口语，因此在正式论文中应该避免使用，而应改用many， much， a great deal of.
2 abvoe 的用法
ex: we can now apply the above technique... (如果刚提及该技术，则是正确的写法，否则就该用一下的写法。)
we can now apply the technique introduced in section 2...
we can now apply the technique introduced earlier...
3 and 一般而言，英文句子不应以and开头
4 一般不用anymore，将句子改成 no longer.
5 apparently有“显然”之意，但是也有“似乎为真”之意，因此要表示显然这一层意思时，要用obviously或者clearly，避免歧义。
6 Appendix （要大写，不管是否是在句首）
当只有一个附录时，应该用the Appendix，而当有多个附录时，应该用Appendix A, Appendix B。
wrong ex: the proof of Theorem I is stated in detail in Appendix.
right ex: the proof of Theorem I is stated in detail in the Appendix.
right ex: the proof of Theorem I is stated in detail in Appendix A.
7 approach V 接近，后面不用接to，比如接近0， approach zero。
8 As follows/the following/as shown below
9
As mentioned above/as mentioned previously
As mentioned above 指的是刚刚才提过的读者还印象鲜明的内容，意思类似于as just mentioned
as mentioned previously 指的是前几段提到的
最好用清楚的指代，比如as mentioned in Section 2
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As you know 科技论文中不要出现这个词
Basically 人们常常滥用这个词，最好不要用
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As well as:与and的用法不同，主要用于强调前者；
Ex：john as well as mary is coming. 这里强调的是john，读者知道本来mary要来，但是不知道john也要来
12
Assume 后面不应该接as正确的写法应该是assume to be/that
Wrong ex: the parameters of the price indices can be assumed as constants.
Right ex: the parameters of the price indices can be assumed to be constants.
Right ex: we assume that the parameters of the price indices are constants.
13
Based on 放于句首是错误的，应使用on the basic of/according to来取代，我在这里的误区是认为on the basic of/according to后面要跟从句，这是错误的。
Wrong ex: based on the conventional method, the closed form solution can be written as follows.
Right ex: according to the conventional method, the closed form solution can be written as follows.
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Because of the fact that这是个冗长的短语，只要用because即可。
Bad ex：because of the fact that the system is intended for real-time processing, a faster algorithm is needed.
Good ex: because the system is intended for real-time processing, a faster algorithm is needed.
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Besides 在正式的英文文章中，不应以besides作为连接副词来表达“此外”之意。应该使用 in addition, moreover或furthermore来表达。
Bad ex: besides, the following problem arises when we consider the effects of friction.
Good ex: in addition, the following problem arises when we consider the effects of friction.
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Better是一个普遍的赞美词，但是语义模糊，所以尽量用准确的形容词。
模糊ex：our algorithm is better than the conventional one.
准确ex：our algorithm is faster than the conventional one.
准确ex：our algorithm is more accurate than the conventional one.
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Build，在科技论文中用construct比用build更合适
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But，与and一样，句子一般不用but开头，可以用however取代
By this way是错误的短语，正确是in this way.
Wrong ex: by this way, we can obtain the solution to equation(7).
Right ex: in this way, we can obtain the solution to equation(7).
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Call 后面不能加as，refer to后面加as
Wrong ex: we shall call this this algorithm as the new GA.
Right ex: we shall call this this algorithm the new GA.
Right ex: we shall refer to this this algorithm as the new GA.
20
Can 在英文中，can常常是累赘而应加以省略的字词，没必要出现时就省略。
Bad ex: our method can find the optimal solution quickly.
Good ex: our method finds the optimal solution quickly.
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Cannot 在英文写作中，我们通常把cannot看做一个词，而不是当做两个，并且在正式文章中，一般不用缩写。
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Case 后面的关系代词，必须使用in which 或when，不能使用that。
Wrong ex: let us now examine the case that q is greater than 0.
Right ex: let us now examine the case in which q is greater than 0.
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Classical, traditional, conventional
Classical 指的是经典的方法
Traditional 指的是已经用了很久的方法，或许已经有人又提出新的方法了
Conventional 如果作者用这个词，一般意味着他提出了一个新的方法
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Data 在正式的文章中，data应该当做复数
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Demonstrate与illustrate, depict和present不一样
The figure 5 illustrates / depicts / presents …，此时动词不能用demonstrate
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Especially/particularly 放在句首是错误的用法，应该用in particular
Wrong ex：our algorithm performs fast, especially/particularly, algorithm 3 is nearly twice as fast as the conventional method.
Right ex: our algorithm performs fast, in particular, algorithm 3 is nearly twice as fast as the conventional method.
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In other words 换句话说，in a word 是简单的说，很少出现在科技文中
Namely 即，很多时候是不必要的可以省略
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Owing to the fact that, 冗长的句子，应该用because或者since代替
The reason for this is that 冗长，直接用this is because
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Research on， research用的介词是on
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Reveal 指揭露被掩盖的事实，所以用indicate或者show比较恰当
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Then， 用法要注意
Wrong ex: the samples were dipped into the solution, then they were washed with water.
Right ex: the samples were dipped into the solution, and then they were washed with water.
Right ex: the samples were dipped into the solution. Then they were washed with water.
32
Totally是“完全”的意思，而不能表示“总共”的意思，“总共”要用 a total of/altogether
Wrong ex: there are totally three solutions.
Right ex: there are a total of three solutions.
Right ex: there are three solutions altogether.
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Until now, 到目前为止，在科技论文中，最好用to date
Bad ex: until now, however, the effect of boron on the reaction has not been examined.
Good ex: to date, however, the effect of boron on the reaction has not been examined.
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Whether or not, or not一般要省略，比较简洁