这16位数据到底是不是PCM编码？
另外，这儿用的编码是自然二进制码还是折叠码？
我粗略分析了一下16位"PCM"数据的特点：
8位采样：
00-- -max, ff-- +max
7f-- -0, 80-- +0
16位采样：
80-- -max, 7f-- +max,
ff-- -0, 00-- +0,
希望有人能帮我解答,thanks
6 个解决方案
#1
You are right.
pcm can be 8bits, 16bits and more.
pcm can be 8bits, 16bits and more.
#2
waiting on.........
#3
你问的和我前期想问的一模一样,不过我已经找到答案,不知道你还需要不需要看.
简单的说,是使用了ITU定义的对数压扩方式来扩大动态范围(音响术语,不知道楼主习不习惯),提高信噪比,据说可以提高25db.另外,还可以大幅度压缩数据量.
理论上,是使用对数方式压缩,用指数方式解压缩后播放,实际实现方式没有那么复杂.
简单的说,是使用了ITU定义的对数压扩方式来扩大动态范围(音响术语,不知道楼主习不习惯),提高信噪比,据说可以提高25db.另外,还可以大幅度压缩数据量.
理论上,是使用对数方式压缩,用指数方式解压缩后播放,实际实现方式没有那么复杂.
#4
8位pcm是a-Law或u-Law，而16位的才是纯的pcm
算法：
/*
* This source code is a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc., modified
* by CMU, and is provided for unrestricted use. Users may copy
* or modify this source code without charge.
*
*/
/*
* g711.c
*
* u-law, A-law and linear PCM conversions.
*/
#define SIGN_BIT (0x80) /* Sign bit for a A-law byte. */
#define QUANT_MASK (0xf) /* Quantization field mask. */
#define NSEGS (8) /* Number of A-law segments. */
#define SEG_SHIFT (4) /* Left shift for segment number. */
#define SEG_MASK (0x70) /* Segment field mask. */
static short seg_end[8] = {0xFF, 0x1FF, 0x3FF, 0x7FF,
0xFFF, 0x1FFF, 0x3FFF, 0x7FFF};
/* copy from CCITT G.711 specifications */
unsigned char _u2a[128] = { /* u- to A-law conversions */
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,
5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128};
unsigned char _a2u[128] = { /* A- to u-law conversions */
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127};
static int
search(
int val,
short *table,
int size)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (val <= *table++)
return (i);
}
return (size);
}
/*
* linear2alaw() - Convert a 16-bit linear PCM value to 8-bit A-law
*
* linear2alaw() accepts an 16-bit integer and encodes it as A-law data.
*
* Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 0000000wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyza 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzab 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabc 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcd 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcde 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdef 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefg 111wxyz
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2alaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char aval;
if (pcm_val >= 0) {
mask = 0xD5; /* sign (7th) bit = 1 */
} else {
mask = 0x55; /* sign bit = 0 */
pcm_val = -pcm_val - 8;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/* Combine the sign, segment, and quantization bits. */
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
aval = seg << SEG_SHIFT;
if (seg < 2)
aval |= (pcm_val >> 4) & QUANT_MASK;
else
aval |= (pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & QUANT_MASK;
return (aval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* alaw2linear() - Convert an A-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
*/
int
alaw2linear(
unsigned char a_val)
{
int t;
int seg;
a_val ^= 0x55;
t = (a_val & QUANT_MASK) << 4;
seg = ((unsigned)a_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
switch (seg) {
case 0:
t += 8;
break;
case 1:
t += 0x108;
break;
default:
t += 0x108;
t <<= seg - 1;
}
return ((a_val & SIGN_BIT) ? t : -t);
}
#define BIAS (0x84) /* Bias for linear code. */
/*
* linear2ulaw() - Convert a linear PCM value to u-law
*
* In order to simplify the encoding process, the original linear magnitude
* is biased by adding 33 which shifts the encoding range from (0 - 8158) to
* (33 - 8191). The result can be seen in the following encoding table:
*
* Biased Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 00000001wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyzab 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzabc 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabcd 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcde 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcdef 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdefg 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefgh 111wxyz
*
* Each biased linear code has a leading 1 which identifies the segment
* number. The value of the segment number is equal to 7 minus the number
* of leading 0's. The quantization interval is directly available as the
* four bits wxyz. * The trailing bits (a - h) are ignored.
*
* Ordinarily the complement of the resulting code word is used for
* transmission, and so the code word is complemented before it is returned.
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2ulaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char uval;
/* Get the sign and the magnitude of the value. */
if (pcm_val < 0) {
pcm_val = BIAS - pcm_val;
mask = 0x7F;
} else {
pcm_val += BIAS;
mask = 0xFF;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/*
* Combine the sign, segment, quantization bits;
* and complement the code word.
*/
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
uval = (seg << 4) | ((pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & 0xF);
return (uval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* ulaw2linear() - Convert a u-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
* First, a biased linear code is derived from the code word. An unbiased
* output can then be obtained by subtracting 33 from the biased code.
*
* Note that this function expects to be passed the complement of the
* original code word. This is in keeping with ISDN conventions.
*/
int
ulaw2linear(
unsigned char u_val)
{
int t;
/* Complement to obtain normal u-law value. */
u_val = ~u_val;
/*
* Extract and bias the quantization bits. Then
* shift up by the segment number and subtract out the bias.
*/
t = ((u_val & QUANT_MASK) << 3) + BIAS;
t <<= ((unsigned)u_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
return ((u_val & SIGN_BIT) ? (BIAS - t) : (t - BIAS));
}
/* A-law to u-law conversion */
unsigned char
alaw2ulaw(
unsigned char aval)
{
aval &= 0xff;
return ((aval & 0x80) ? (0xFF ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0xD5]) :
(0x7F ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0x55]));
}
/* u-law to A-law conversion */
unsigned char
ulaw2alaw(
unsigned char uval)
{
uval &= 0xff;
return ((uval & 0x80) ? (0xD5 ^ (_u2a[0xFF ^ uval] - 1)) :
(0x55 ^ (_u2a[0x7F ^ uval] - 1)));
}
算法：
/*
* This source code is a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc., modified
* by CMU, and is provided for unrestricted use. Users may copy
* or modify this source code without charge.
*
*/
/*
* g711.c
*
* u-law, A-law and linear PCM conversions.
*/
#define SIGN_BIT (0x80) /* Sign bit for a A-law byte. */
#define QUANT_MASK (0xf) /* Quantization field mask. */
#define NSEGS (8) /* Number of A-law segments. */
#define SEG_SHIFT (4) /* Left shift for segment number. */
#define SEG_MASK (0x70) /* Segment field mask. */
static short seg_end[8] = {0xFF, 0x1FF, 0x3FF, 0x7FF,
0xFFF, 0x1FFF, 0x3FFF, 0x7FFF};
/* copy from CCITT G.711 specifications */
unsigned char _u2a[128] = { /* u- to A-law conversions */
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,
5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128};
unsigned char _a2u[128] = { /* A- to u-law conversions */
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127};
static int
search(
int val,
short *table,
int size)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (val <= *table++)
return (i);
}
return (size);
}
/*
* linear2alaw() - Convert a 16-bit linear PCM value to 8-bit A-law
*
* linear2alaw() accepts an 16-bit integer and encodes it as A-law data.
*
* Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 0000000wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyza 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzab 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabc 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcd 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcde 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdef 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefg 111wxyz
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2alaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char aval;
if (pcm_val >= 0) {
mask = 0xD5; /* sign (7th) bit = 1 */
} else {
mask = 0x55; /* sign bit = 0 */
pcm_val = -pcm_val - 8;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/* Combine the sign, segment, and quantization bits. */
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
aval = seg << SEG_SHIFT;
if (seg < 2)
aval |= (pcm_val >> 4) & QUANT_MASK;
else
aval |= (pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & QUANT_MASK;
return (aval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* alaw2linear() - Convert an A-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
*/
int
alaw2linear(
unsigned char a_val)
{
int t;
int seg;
a_val ^= 0x55;
t = (a_val & QUANT_MASK) << 4;
seg = ((unsigned)a_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
switch (seg) {
case 0:
t += 8;
break;
case 1:
t += 0x108;
break;
default:
t += 0x108;
t <<= seg - 1;
}
return ((a_val & SIGN_BIT) ? t : -t);
}
#define BIAS (0x84) /* Bias for linear code. */
/*
* linear2ulaw() - Convert a linear PCM value to u-law
*
* In order to simplify the encoding process, the original linear magnitude
* is biased by adding 33 which shifts the encoding range from (0 - 8158) to
* (33 - 8191). The result can be seen in the following encoding table:
*
* Biased Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 00000001wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyzab 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzabc 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabcd 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcde 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcdef 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdefg 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefgh 111wxyz
*
* Each biased linear code has a leading 1 which identifies the segment
* number. The value of the segment number is equal to 7 minus the number
* of leading 0's. The quantization interval is directly available as the
* four bits wxyz. * The trailing bits (a - h) are ignored.
*
* Ordinarily the complement of the resulting code word is used for
* transmission, and so the code word is complemented before it is returned.
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2ulaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char uval;
/* Get the sign and the magnitude of the value. */
if (pcm_val < 0) {
pcm_val = BIAS - pcm_val;
mask = 0x7F;
} else {
pcm_val += BIAS;
mask = 0xFF;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/*
* Combine the sign, segment, quantization bits;
* and complement the code word.
*/
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
uval = (seg << 4) | ((pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & 0xF);
return (uval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* ulaw2linear() - Convert a u-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
* First, a biased linear code is derived from the code word. An unbiased
* output can then be obtained by subtracting 33 from the biased code.
*
* Note that this function expects to be passed the complement of the
* original code word. This is in keeping with ISDN conventions.
*/
int
ulaw2linear(
unsigned char u_val)
{
int t;
/* Complement to obtain normal u-law value. */
u_val = ~u_val;
/*
* Extract and bias the quantization bits. Then
* shift up by the segment number and subtract out the bias.
*/
t = ((u_val & QUANT_MASK) << 3) + BIAS;
t <<= ((unsigned)u_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
return ((u_val & SIGN_BIT) ? (BIAS - t) : (t - BIAS));
}
/* A-law to u-law conversion */
unsigned char
alaw2ulaw(
unsigned char aval)
{
aval &= 0xff;
return ((aval & 0x80) ? (0xFF ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0xD5]) :
(0x7F ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0x55]));
}
/* u-law to A-law conversion */
unsigned char
ulaw2alaw(
unsigned char uval)
{
uval &= 0xff;
return ((uval & 0x80) ? (0xD5 ^ (_u2a[0xFF ^ uval] - 1)) :
(0x55 ^ (_u2a[0x7F ^ uval] - 1)));
}
#5
谢谢楼上的两位，我明白了：）
#6
想找小姐吗,来水园吧!
这里有老龟奴zyq_123雍亲正当大版主,还有人称辣花摧魔前青楼名妓smoke当镇小版主,肯定能满足您的需要!!!快来吧~~~~~~
这里有老龟奴zyq_123雍亲正当大版主,还有人称辣花摧魔前青楼名妓smoke当镇小版主,肯定能满足您的需要!!!快来吧~~~~~~
#1
You are right.
pcm can be 8bits, 16bits and more.
pcm can be 8bits, 16bits and more.
#2
waiting on.........
#3
你问的和我前期想问的一模一样,不过我已经找到答案,不知道你还需要不需要看.
简单的说,是使用了ITU定义的对数压扩方式来扩大动态范围(音响术语,不知道楼主习不习惯),提高信噪比,据说可以提高25db.另外,还可以大幅度压缩数据量.
理论上,是使用对数方式压缩,用指数方式解压缩后播放,实际实现方式没有那么复杂.
简单的说,是使用了ITU定义的对数压扩方式来扩大动态范围(音响术语,不知道楼主习不习惯),提高信噪比,据说可以提高25db.另外,还可以大幅度压缩数据量.
理论上,是使用对数方式压缩,用指数方式解压缩后播放,实际实现方式没有那么复杂.
#4
8位pcm是a-Law或u-Law，而16位的才是纯的pcm
算法：
/*
* This source code is a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc., modified
* by CMU, and is provided for unrestricted use. Users may copy
* or modify this source code without charge.
*
*/
/*
* g711.c
*
* u-law, A-law and linear PCM conversions.
*/
#define SIGN_BIT (0x80) /* Sign bit for a A-law byte. */
#define QUANT_MASK (0xf) /* Quantization field mask. */
#define NSEGS (8) /* Number of A-law segments. */
#define SEG_SHIFT (4) /* Left shift for segment number. */
#define SEG_MASK (0x70) /* Segment field mask. */
static short seg_end[8] = {0xFF, 0x1FF, 0x3FF, 0x7FF,
0xFFF, 0x1FFF, 0x3FFF, 0x7FFF};
/* copy from CCITT G.711 specifications */
unsigned char _u2a[128] = { /* u- to A-law conversions */
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,
5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128};
unsigned char _a2u[128] = { /* A- to u-law conversions */
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127};
static int
search(
int val,
short *table,
int size)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (val <= *table++)
return (i);
}
return (size);
}
/*
* linear2alaw() - Convert a 16-bit linear PCM value to 8-bit A-law
*
* linear2alaw() accepts an 16-bit integer and encodes it as A-law data.
*
* Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 0000000wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyza 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzab 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabc 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcd 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcde 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdef 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefg 111wxyz
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2alaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char aval;
if (pcm_val >= 0) {
mask = 0xD5; /* sign (7th) bit = 1 */
} else {
mask = 0x55; /* sign bit = 0 */
pcm_val = -pcm_val - 8;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/* Combine the sign, segment, and quantization bits. */
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
aval = seg << SEG_SHIFT;
if (seg < 2)
aval |= (pcm_val >> 4) & QUANT_MASK;
else
aval |= (pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & QUANT_MASK;
return (aval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* alaw2linear() - Convert an A-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
*/
int
alaw2linear(
unsigned char a_val)
{
int t;
int seg;
a_val ^= 0x55;
t = (a_val & QUANT_MASK) << 4;
seg = ((unsigned)a_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
switch (seg) {
case 0:
t += 8;
break;
case 1:
t += 0x108;
break;
default:
t += 0x108;
t <<= seg - 1;
}
return ((a_val & SIGN_BIT) ? t : -t);
}
#define BIAS (0x84) /* Bias for linear code. */
/*
* linear2ulaw() - Convert a linear PCM value to u-law
*
* In order to simplify the encoding process, the original linear magnitude
* is biased by adding 33 which shifts the encoding range from (0 - 8158) to
* (33 - 8191). The result can be seen in the following encoding table:
*
* Biased Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 00000001wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyzab 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzabc 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabcd 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcde 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcdef 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdefg 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefgh 111wxyz
*
* Each biased linear code has a leading 1 which identifies the segment
* number. The value of the segment number is equal to 7 minus the number
* of leading 0's. The quantization interval is directly available as the
* four bits wxyz. * The trailing bits (a - h) are ignored.
*
* Ordinarily the complement of the resulting code word is used for
* transmission, and so the code word is complemented before it is returned.
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2ulaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char uval;
/* Get the sign and the magnitude of the value. */
if (pcm_val < 0) {
pcm_val = BIAS - pcm_val;
mask = 0x7F;
} else {
pcm_val += BIAS;
mask = 0xFF;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/*
* Combine the sign, segment, quantization bits;
* and complement the code word.
*/
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
uval = (seg << 4) | ((pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & 0xF);
return (uval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* ulaw2linear() - Convert a u-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
* First, a biased linear code is derived from the code word. An unbiased
* output can then be obtained by subtracting 33 from the biased code.
*
* Note that this function expects to be passed the complement of the
* original code word. This is in keeping with ISDN conventions.
*/
int
ulaw2linear(
unsigned char u_val)
{
int t;
/* Complement to obtain normal u-law value. */
u_val = ~u_val;
/*
* Extract and bias the quantization bits. Then
* shift up by the segment number and subtract out the bias.
*/
t = ((u_val & QUANT_MASK) << 3) + BIAS;
t <<= ((unsigned)u_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
return ((u_val & SIGN_BIT) ? (BIAS - t) : (t - BIAS));
}
/* A-law to u-law conversion */
unsigned char
alaw2ulaw(
unsigned char aval)
{
aval &= 0xff;
return ((aval & 0x80) ? (0xFF ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0xD5]) :
(0x7F ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0x55]));
}
/* u-law to A-law conversion */
unsigned char
ulaw2alaw(
unsigned char uval)
{
uval &= 0xff;
return ((uval & 0x80) ? (0xD5 ^ (_u2a[0xFF ^ uval] - 1)) :
(0x55 ^ (_u2a[0x7F ^ uval] - 1)));
}
算法：
/*
* This source code is a product of Sun Microsystems, Inc., modified
* by CMU, and is provided for unrestricted use. Users may copy
* or modify this source code without charge.
*
*/
/*
* g711.c
*
* u-law, A-law and linear PCM conversions.
*/
#define SIGN_BIT (0x80) /* Sign bit for a A-law byte. */
#define QUANT_MASK (0xf) /* Quantization field mask. */
#define NSEGS (8) /* Number of A-law segments. */
#define SEG_SHIFT (4) /* Left shift for segment number. */
#define SEG_MASK (0x70) /* Segment field mask. */
static short seg_end[8] = {0xFF, 0x1FF, 0x3FF, 0x7FF,
0xFFF, 0x1FFF, 0x3FFF, 0x7FFF};
/* copy from CCITT G.711 specifications */
unsigned char _u2a[128] = { /* u- to A-law conversions */
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4,
5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36,
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,
64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,
81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,
105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112,
113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128};
unsigned char _a2u[128] = { /* A- to u-law conversions */
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 34, 35, 35,
36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43,
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 48, 49, 49,
50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 64,
65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72,
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 79,
80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111,
112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127};
static int
search(
int val,
short *table,
int size)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
if (val <= *table++)
return (i);
}
return (size);
}
/*
* linear2alaw() - Convert a 16-bit linear PCM value to 8-bit A-law
*
* linear2alaw() accepts an 16-bit integer and encodes it as A-law data.
*
* Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 0000000wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyza 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzab 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabc 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcd 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcde 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdef 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefg 111wxyz
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2alaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char aval;
if (pcm_val >= 0) {
mask = 0xD5; /* sign (7th) bit = 1 */
} else {
mask = 0x55; /* sign bit = 0 */
pcm_val = -pcm_val - 8;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/* Combine the sign, segment, and quantization bits. */
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
aval = seg << SEG_SHIFT;
if (seg < 2)
aval |= (pcm_val >> 4) & QUANT_MASK;
else
aval |= (pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & QUANT_MASK;
return (aval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* alaw2linear() - Convert an A-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
*/
int
alaw2linear(
unsigned char a_val)
{
int t;
int seg;
a_val ^= 0x55;
t = (a_val & QUANT_MASK) << 4;
seg = ((unsigned)a_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
switch (seg) {
case 0:
t += 8;
break;
case 1:
t += 0x108;
break;
default:
t += 0x108;
t <<= seg - 1;
}
return ((a_val & SIGN_BIT) ? t : -t);
}
#define BIAS (0x84) /* Bias for linear code. */
/*
* linear2ulaw() - Convert a linear PCM value to u-law
*
* In order to simplify the encoding process, the original linear magnitude
* is biased by adding 33 which shifts the encoding range from (0 - 8158) to
* (33 - 8191). The result can be seen in the following encoding table:
*
* Biased Linear Input Code Compressed Code
* ------------------------ ---------------
* 00000001wxyza 000wxyz
* 0000001wxyzab 001wxyz
* 000001wxyzabc 010wxyz
* 00001wxyzabcd 011wxyz
* 0001wxyzabcde 100wxyz
* 001wxyzabcdef 101wxyz
* 01wxyzabcdefg 110wxyz
* 1wxyzabcdefgh 111wxyz
*
* Each biased linear code has a leading 1 which identifies the segment
* number. The value of the segment number is equal to 7 minus the number
* of leading 0's. The quantization interval is directly available as the
* four bits wxyz. * The trailing bits (a - h) are ignored.
*
* Ordinarily the complement of the resulting code word is used for
* transmission, and so the code word is complemented before it is returned.
*
* For further information see John C. Bellamy's Digital Telephony, 1982,
* John Wiley & Sons, pps 98-111 and 472-476.
*/
unsigned char
linear2ulaw(
int pcm_val) /* 2's complement (16-bit range) */
{
int mask;
int seg;
unsigned char uval;
/* Get the sign and the magnitude of the value. */
if (pcm_val < 0) {
pcm_val = BIAS - pcm_val;
mask = 0x7F;
} else {
pcm_val += BIAS;
mask = 0xFF;
}
/* Convert the scaled magnitude to segment number. */
seg = search(pcm_val, seg_end, 8);
/*
* Combine the sign, segment, quantization bits;
* and complement the code word.
*/
if (seg >= 8) /* out of range, return maximum value. */
return (0x7F ^ mask);
else {
uval = (seg << 4) | ((pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & 0xF);
return (uval ^ mask);
}
}
/*
* ulaw2linear() - Convert a u-law value to 16-bit linear PCM
*
* First, a biased linear code is derived from the code word. An unbiased
* output can then be obtained by subtracting 33 from the biased code.
*
* Note that this function expects to be passed the complement of the
* original code word. This is in keeping with ISDN conventions.
*/
int
ulaw2linear(
unsigned char u_val)
{
int t;
/* Complement to obtain normal u-law value. */
u_val = ~u_val;
/*
* Extract and bias the quantization bits. Then
* shift up by the segment number and subtract out the bias.
*/
t = ((u_val & QUANT_MASK) << 3) + BIAS;
t <<= ((unsigned)u_val & SEG_MASK) >> SEG_SHIFT;
return ((u_val & SIGN_BIT) ? (BIAS - t) : (t - BIAS));
}
/* A-law to u-law conversion */
unsigned char
alaw2ulaw(
unsigned char aval)
{
aval &= 0xff;
return ((aval & 0x80) ? (0xFF ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0xD5]) :
(0x7F ^ _a2u[aval ^ 0x55]));
}
/* u-law to A-law conversion */
unsigned char
ulaw2alaw(
unsigned char uval)
{
uval &= 0xff;
return ((uval & 0x80) ? (0xD5 ^ (_u2a[0xFF ^ uval] - 1)) :
(0x55 ^ (_u2a[0x7F ^ uval] - 1)));
}
#5
谢谢楼上的两位，我明白了：）
#6
想找小姐吗,来水园吧!
这里有老龟奴zyq_123雍亲正当大版主,还有人称辣花摧魔前青楼名妓smoke当镇小版主,肯定能满足您的需要!!!快来吧~~~~~~
这里有老龟奴zyq_123雍亲正当大版主,还有人称辣花摧魔前青楼名妓smoke当镇小版主,肯定能满足您的需要!!!快来吧~~~~~~