Flask是一个使用 Python 编写的轻量级 Web 应用框架。Flask 本身只是 Werkezug 和 Jinja2 的之间的桥梁，前者实现一个合适的 WSGI 应用，后者处理模板。 当然， Flask 也绑定了一些通用的标准库包，比如 logging 。 除此之外其它所有一切都交给扩展来实现。我将追踪一个简单FlaskApp的运行，看看request和response是怎么实现，以下是一个简单的flask app代码，可用浏览器访问
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8 from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/')
def index():
import pdb;pdb.set_trace()
return '<h1>Hello world!</h1>' @app.route('/user/<name>')
def user(name):
import pdb;pdb.set_trace()
return '<h1>Hello,%s!</h1>' % name if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
通过pdb捕捉栈的调用情况，可以得到
/home/steinliber/flask-source-code/route/a.py(18)<module>()
-> app.run()
/home/steinliber/flask-source-code/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask/app.py(772)run()
-> run_simple(host, port, self, **options)
/home/steinliber/flask-source-code/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py(692)run_simple()
-> inner()
/home/steinliber/flask-source-code/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py(657)inner()
-> srv.serve_forever()
/home/steinliber/flask-source-code/env/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/werkzeug/serving.py(497)serve_forever()
-> HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)
这是捕捉到的启动flask服务器调用的函数，从中可以看到因为app是Flask的实例，则调用app.run()会调用Flask类中的run(),而run()方法只是简单的为host和port设置了默认值就调用了werkzeug的run_simple()
在werkzeug中的run_simple()函数
def run_simple(hostname, port, application, use_reloader=False,
use_debugger=False, use_evalex=True,
extra_files=None, reloader_interval=1,
reloader_type='auto', threaded=False,
processes=1, request_handler=None, static_files=None,
passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None):
if use_debugger:
from werkzeug.debug import DebuggedApplication
application = DebuggedApplication(application, use_evalex)
if static_files:
from werkzeug.wsgi import SharedDataMiddleware
application = SharedDataMiddleware(application, static_files) def log_startup(sock):
display_hostname = hostname not in ('', '*') and hostname or 'localhost'
if ':' in display_hostname:
display_hostname = '[%s]' % display_hostname
quit_msg = '(Press CTRL+C to quit)'
port = sock.getsockname()[1]
_log('info', ' * Running on %s://%s:%d/ %s',
ssl_context is None and 'http' or 'https',
display_hostname, port, quit_msg) def inner():
try:
fd = int(os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'])
except (LookupError, ValueError):
fd = None
srv = make_server(hostname, port, application, threaded,
processes, request_handler,
passthrough_errors, ssl_context,
fd=fd)
if fd is None:
log_startup(srv.socket)
srv.serve_forever()
if use_reloader:
# If we're not running already in the subprocess that is the
# reloader we want to open up a socket early to make sure the
# port is actually available.
if os.environ.get('WERKZEUG_RUN_MAIN') != 'true':
if port == 0 and not can_open_by_fd:
raise ValueError('Cannot bind to a random port with enabled '
'reloader if the Python interpreter does '
'not support socket opening by fd.') # Create and destroy a socket so that any exceptions are
# raised before we spawn a separate Python interpreter and
# lose this ability.
address_family = select_ip_version(hostname, port)
s = socket.socket(address_family, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
s.bind((hostname, port))
if hasattr(s, 'set_inheritable'):
s.set_inheritable(True) # If we can open the socket by file descriptor, then we can just
# reuse this one and our socket will survive the restarts.
if can_open_by_fd:
os.environ['WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD'] = str(s.fileno())
s.listen(LISTEN_QUEUE)
log_startup(s)
else:
s.close() from ._reloader import run_with_reloader
run_with_reloader(inner, extra_files, reloader_interval,
reloader_type)
else:
inner()
这是run_simple()的主要作用部分，前两个判断语句是对debug模式以及静态文件的包装。ShareDataMiddleware就是一个中间件，这里是起到吧文件转换为服务器可接受的Response形式的作用。
use_reloader 用于决定当app代码改变时是否要重启服务器，若是True，则他会建立一个socket，其中的can_open_by_fd由socket中是否由fromfd特征决定，如果可以就将fd储存在环境变量中以便重启后的复用，socket开始监听，而后就调用run_with_reloader,它也接受了函数inner.可以看出无论use_reloader是不是True时，都会调用函数内部的inner函数，在inner函数内，在环境中WERKZEUG_SERVER_FD这个key储存了可以复用的socket，若没有就设为None，然后就调用函数make_server，这根据参数process和threads选择合适的服务器，取得服务器对象后，就调用方法run_forever,这服务器也就启动了。,werkzeug提供了多种可选的服务器，这里是一个基本的单线程单进程服务器
class BaseWSGIServer(HTTPServer, object):
"""Simple single-threaded, single-process WSGI server."""
multithread = False
multiprocess = False
request_queue_size = LISTEN_QUEUE
def __init__(self, host, port, app, handler=None,
passthrough_errors=False, ssl_context=None, fd=None):
if handler is None:
handler = WSGIRequestHandler
self.address_family = select_ip_version(host, port)
if fd is not None:
real_sock = socket.fromfd(fd, self.address_family,
socket.SOCK_STREAM)
port = 0
HTTPServer.__init__(self, (host, int(port)), handler)
self.app = app
self.passthrough_errors = passthrough_errors
self.shutdown_signal = False
self.host = host
self.port = port
# Patch in the original socket.
if fd is not None:
self.socket.close()
self.socket = real_sock
self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()
if ssl_context is not None:
if isinstance(ssl_context, tuple):
ssl_context = load_ssl_context(*ssl_context)
if ssl_context == 'adhoc':
ssl_context = generate_adhoc_ssl_context()
# If we are on Python 2 the return value from socket.fromfd
# is an internal socket object but what we need for ssl wrap
# is the wrapper around it :(
sock = self.socket
if PY2 and not isinstance(sock, socket.socket):
sock = socket.socket(sock.family, sock.type, sock.proto, sock)
self.socket = ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
self.ssl_context = ssl_context
else:
self.ssl_context = None
def log(self, type, message, *args):
_log(type, message, *args)
def serve_forever(self):
self.shutdown_signal = False
try:
HTTPServer.serve_forever(self)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
finally:
self.server_close()
def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
if self.passthrough_errors:
raise
return HTTPServer.handle_error(self, request, client_address)
def get_request(self):
con, info = self.socket.accept()
return con, info
这个服务器继承了基本的HTTPServer，HTTPServer可以在制定的端口接受数据并处理将结果传递给RequestHandlerClass，具体可以看官方文档https://docs.python.org/2/library/basehttpserver.html
在代码中，request_queue_size制定了请求队列的最大连接数，在__init__函数中handler是请求的处理器，若参数中为提供，就设为默认值，而后就是得到可用的socket，ssl_context主要是帮助实现SSL。另外一些就是简单重写了HTTPServer的方法，在serve_forever中还是调用了HTTPServer的方法来实现服务器功能。
综上就是flask一个基本服务器的实现，在其中可以看到如何为简单的服务器添加多种功能，如SSL，socket的复用，服务器的重载等，接下来就是reloader以及SSL的实现