ORM概念
ORM即Object/Relation Mapping, 对象/关系数据库映射。ORM是一种规范,完成面向对象编程语言到关系数据库之间的映射。J2EE中的JPA就是一种ORM规范。
ORM框架有很多,例如JPA, Hibernate,iBATIS等。
Hibernate简介
Hibernate是JBoss旗下,同时也是RetHat组织的产品(JBoss加入了RetHat),是目前非常流行的ORM框架。
Hibernate中的重要概念为PO(Persistent Object), Hibernate采用低入侵的设计,这里的PO完全是一个普通的java类(POJO),其数据库操作功能完全由Hibernate实现,不需要POJO实现任何接口或者继承任何超类。
Hibernate环境搭建(Eclipse环境)
1.下载框架
- Hibernate框架,官网下载 http://www.hibernate.org/downloads
目前最新版是5.2.2,为了兼容和稳定起见我下载的是4.3.11版,hibernate-release-4.3.11.Final.zip ,解压后看到主要目录如下,
-project , 这个目录下放了很多demo project
-documentation 下面放了各种文档和教程,最重要的应该是Hibernate API, 即 javadocs
-lib 下面有很多二级目录,里面放了各种jar包,Hibernate是模块化的,其中required是Hibernate框架基础jar包,其他目录是一些扩展包,例如lib\optional\c3p0下面放了数据库连接池的jar包。
- 另外,还需要下载日志框架包SLF4J,Hibernate会用它来在执行时候输出日志。
我下载的是1.6.1版本,可以在官网的数据仓库中找到 http://www.slf4j.org/dist/
2. 导入各种jar包
先在Eclipse中新建一个project,然后新建一个user library,例如叫做 hibernate-4-3-11,注意不要勾选system library,否则后面在读取Hibernate配置文件时候一直会报 java.lang.NullPointerException 异常。
导入以下jar包
-hibernate下的 lib\require下的所有jar包(10个),这是框架基本jar包
-hibernate下的lib\optional\c3p0的所有jar包,这是数据库连接池jar包,为Hibernate框架提供数据源
-slf4框架下的slf4j-api-1.6.1.jar (这是api) 和 slf4j-nop-1.6.1.jar (这是具体实现) 两个包
我将所有jar包集中放在了一个目录里方便今后迁移,所有jar包如下,
将以上15个jar都添加进user library中去。
3.创建一个实体类
New类将要用来与数据库中的一张表对应,它只是一个普通类(POJO),我们放在src/hib路径下,后面Hibernate将会根据配置文件创建数据表
package hib; public class News {
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getTitle() {
return title;
}
public void setTitle(String title) {
this.title = title;
}
public String getContent() {
return content;
}
public void setContent(String content) {
this.content = content;
}
private int id;
private String title;
private String content; }
4.创建表映射文件
在News类相同的路径下创建一个xml文件News.hbm.xml,这个文件与News.java对应,叫做映射文件,是一个Hibernate将依据这个文件操作数据库。
通过某些插件,可以依据实体类News.java 自动创建News.hbm.xml,不过我还是先收工创建一下。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping package="hib">
<class name="News" table="news_table">
<id name="id" column="id">
<generator class="identity" />
</id>
<property name="title" type="string" column="title" />
<property name="content" type="string" column="content" />
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
News.hbm.xml的语法在Hibernate提供的手册(hibernate-release-4.3.11.Final/documentation/manual/en-US/html_single/index.html)1.1.3. The mapping file 中已经有详细描述,
每一个持久化的实体类(例如上面的News.java),都需要有一个到数据表的映射,这里的<class>元素就是一个映射
表的主键用<id>元素表示,其他字段则用<property>元素表示,每个字段元素中可以添加name, colume, type属性,分别表示字段名称和类型
5.创建Hibernate主配置文件
Hibernate配置文件的默认名称是Hibernate.cfg.xml,我们创建这个文件并放在src根目录,文件内容如下,
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory> <property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
<property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/think_blog?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8</property> <!-- 指定字符集的方式-->
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.password"></property> <property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_size">20</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.min_size">1</property> <property name="hibernate.c3p0.timeout">5000</property> <property name="hibernate.c3p0.max_statements">100</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.idle_test_period">3000</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.acquire_increment">2</property>
<property name="hibernate.c3p0.validate">true</property>
<property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</property> <!--数据库方言-->
<!--自动建表及打印sql -->
<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<mapping resource="hib/News.hbm.xml" />
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
对上面的关键点解释如下:
- 数据库连接字符串:如果要指定字符集,在url后面加上?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8, 但因为url要放在xml文件中,需要将&符号转义成"&"
- 我也使用使用<property name="connection.charset">utf8</property> 这种方式兼容中文,但是好像并不起作用
- 数据库方言:我使用的是MySQL数据库,最开始我使用的数据库方言配置是org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLInnoDBDialect,但是发现无法通过Hibernate自动建表,后来发现换成org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect就行了。
- 所有数据库方言配置可以在手册中找到 ,hibernate-release-4.3.11.Final/documentation/manual/en-US/html_single/index.html#tutorial-firstapp-mapping 的 3.4.1. SQL Dialects
- 是否根据实体类和映射文件自动建表:<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
- 打印SQL到控制台:<property name="show_sql">true</property>
6. 创建测试类
NewsManager也放在hib路径下,在这个类中初始化Hibernate执行数据库操作
package hib; import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; public class NewsManager {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//实例化Configuration
//configure()方法默认加载 /hibernate.cfg.xml
Configuration conf = new Configuration().configure();
//用Configuration创建SessionFactory
SessionFactory sf = conf.buildSessionFactory();
//用SessionFactory打开Session
Session sess = sf.openSession();
//开始事务
Transaction tx = sess.beginTransaction();
//创建消息实例
News n = new News();
//设置消息标题和消息内容
n.setTitle("天王盖地虎");
n.setContent("宝塔镇河妖");
//保存消息
sess.save(n);
//提交事务
tx.commit();
//关闭session 和 SessionFactory
sess.close();
sf.close();
System.out.println("执行完毕");
}
}
注意上面的Configuration().configure()方法,是从默认的路径src下加载Hibernate配置文件Hibernate.cfg.xml。
启动mysql数据库(确保存在上面配置文件中的数据库名),再在Eclipse中执行NewsManager类结果如下,可以看到在末尾答应出了SQL语句,
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.annotations.common.reflection.java.JavaReflectionManager <clinit>
INFO: HCANN000001: Hibernate Commons Annotations {4.0.5.Final}
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.Version logVersion
INFO: HHH000412: Hibernate Core {4.3.11.Final}
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Environment <clinit>
INFO: HHH000206: hibernate.properties not found
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Environment buildBytecodeProvider
INFO: HHH000021: Bytecode provider name : javassist
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration configure
INFO: HHH000043: Configuring from resource: /hibernate.cfg.xml
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration getConfigurationInputStream
INFO: HHH000040: Configuration resource: /hibernate.cfg.xml
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.internal.util.xml.DTDEntityResolver resolveEntity
WARN: HHH000223: Recognized obsolete hibernate namespace http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/. Use namespace http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/ instead. Refer to Hibernate 3.6 Migration Guide!
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:38 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration addResource
INFO: HHH000221: Reading mappings from resource: hib/News.hbm.xml
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM org.hibernate.internal.util.xml.DTDEntityResolver resolveEntity
WARN: HHH000223: Recognized obsolete hibernate namespace http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/. Use namespace http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/ instead. Refer to Hibernate 3.6 Migration Guide!
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration doConfigure
INFO: HHH000041: Configured SessionFactory: null
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM org.hibernate.c3p0.internal.C3P0ConnectionProvider configure
INFO: HHH010002: C3P0 using driver: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver at URL: jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/think_blog?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM org.hibernate.c3p0.internal.C3P0ConnectionProvider configure
INFO: HHH000046: Connection properties: {user=root, password=****}
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM org.hibernate.c3p0.internal.C3P0ConnectionProvider configure
INFO: HHH000006: Autocommit mode: false
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM com.mchange.v2.log.MLog <clinit>
INFO: MLog clients using java 1.4+ standard logging.
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM com.mchange.v2.c3p0.C3P0Registry banner
INFO: Initializing c3p0-0.9.2.1 [built 20-March-2013 10:47:27 +0000; debug? true; trace: 10]
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:39 PM com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.AbstractPoolBackedDataSource getPoolManager
INFO: Initializing c3p0 pool... com.mchange.v2.c3p0.PoolBackedDataSource@49eb2a4c [ connectionPoolDataSource -> com.mchange.v2.c3p0.WrapperConnectionPoolDataSource@92efcc58 [ acquireIncrement -> 2, acquireRetryAttempts -> 30, acquireRetryDelay -> 1000, autoCommitOnClose -> false, automaticTestTable -> null, breakAfterAcquireFailure -> false, checkoutTimeout -> 0, connectionCustomizerClassName -> null, connectionTesterClassName -> com.mchange.v2.c3p0.impl.DefaultConnectionTester, debugUnreturnedConnectionStackTraces -> false, factoryClassLocation -> null, forceIgnoreUnresolvedTransactions -> false, identityToken -> 1hgeby99lbs898r1pl3km1|187a62fa, idleConnectionTestPeriod -> 3000, initialPoolSize -> 1, maxAdministrativeTaskTime -> 0, maxConnectionAge -> 0, maxIdleTime -> 5000, maxIdleTimeExcessConnections -> 0, maxPoolSize -> 20, maxStatements -> 100, maxStatementsPerConnection -> 0, minPoolSize -> 1, nestedDataSource -> com.mchange.v2.c3p0.DriverManagerDataSource@e332f0e7 [ description -> null, driverClass -> null, factoryClassLocation -> null, identityToken -> 1hgeby99lbs898r1pl3km1|4a84466d, jdbcUrl -> jdbc:mysql://127.0.0.1:3306/think_blog?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=UTF-8, properties -> {user=******, password=******} ], preferredTestQuery -> null, propertyCycle -> 0, statementCacheNumDeferredCloseThreads -> 0, testConnectionOnCheckin -> false, testConnectionOnCheckout -> false, unreturnedConnectionTimeout -> 0, usesTraditionalReflectiveProxies -> false; userOverrides: {} ], dataSourceName -> null, factoryClassLocation -> null, identityToken -> 1hgeby99lbs898r1pl3km1|2c6d9d9c, numHelperThreads -> 3 ]
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.dialect.Dialect <init>
INFO: HHH000400: Using dialect: org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.LobCreatorBuilder useContextualLobCreation
INFO: HHH000424: Disabling contextual LOB creation as createClob() method threw error : java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.engine.transaction.internal.TransactionFactoryInitiator initiateService
INFO: HHH000399: Using default transaction strategy (direct JDBC transactions)
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.ASTQueryTranslatorFactory <init>
INFO: HHH000397: Using ASTQueryTranslatorFactory
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaUpdate execute
INFO: HHH000228: Running hbm2ddl schema update
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaUpdate execute
INFO: HHH000102: Fetching database metadata
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaUpdate execute
INFO: HHH000396: Updating schema
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.DatabaseMetadata getTableMetadata
INFO: HHH000262: Table not found: news_table
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.DatabaseMetadata getTableMetadata
INFO: HHH000262: Table not found: news_table
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.DatabaseMetadata getTableMetadata
INFO: HHH000262: Table not found: news_table
Dec 23, 2016 2:57:40 PM org.hibernate.tool.hbm2ddl.SchemaUpdate execute
INFO: HHH000232: Schema update complete
Hibernate: insert into news_table (title, content) values (?, ?)
执行完毕
同时我们查看mysql数据库,发现在think_blog库下多了一张表News_table,同时在表中我们插入了一条数据,
到此,我们的Hibernate环境就算是配置成功了,并且成功执行了一个基本的demo。
从测试类中可以总结Hibernate的一般步骤,
- -加载Hibernate配置文件(Hibernate.cfg.xml,默认从src目录加载),从而获得Hibernate的Configuration实例
- -通过Configuration的实例创建Session工厂
- -通过Session工厂打开一个session
- -通过session开起一个事务
- -进行实体类的set或者get操作
- -将实体类的操作结果保存进session
- -提交事务
- -关闭session及session工厂资源
以上步骤完全是面向对象的编程方式,不直接操作数据库,但是通过Hibernate完成了数据库操作,这便是Hibernate的基本原理。