题目链接：
http://codeforces.com/contest/435/problem/D
D. Special Grid
time limit per test：4 secondsmemory limit per test：256 megabytes
#### 问题描述
> You are given an n × m grid, some of its nodes are black, the others are white. Moreover, it's not an ordinary grid — each unit square of the grid has painted diagonals.
>
> The figure below is an example of such grid of size 3 × 5. Four nodes of this grid are black, the other 11 nodes are white.
>
>
> Your task is to count the number of such triangles on the given grid that:
>
> the corners match the white nodes, and the area is positive;
> all sides go along the grid lines (horizontal, vertical or diagonal);
> no side contains black nodes.
#### 输入
> The first line contains two integers n and m (2 ≤ n, m ≤ 400). Each of the following n lines contain m characters (zeros and ones) — the description of the grid. If the j-th character in the i-th line equals zero, then the node on the i-th horizontal line and on the j-th vertical line is painted white. Otherwise, the node is painted black.
>
> The horizontal lines are numbered starting from one from top to bottom, the vertical lines are numbered starting from one from left to right.
输出
Print a single integer — the number of required triangles.
样例
sample input
3 5
10000
10010
00001sample output
20
题意
给你一个网格（网格有对角线），问由网格的边和对角线构成的三角形（三条边上都不能有任何黑点）个数。
题解
其实满足要求的三角形只有等腰直角三角形
对每个点，我们先预处理出八个方向能延伸出去的最大长度。（预处理出来这些，我们就可以判断一个直角三角形的三条边上是否有黑点了。比如对于三角形0 + 3 的斜边，你只要考虑0的左上角能延伸的最大长度或者3的右下角能延伸的最大长度就可以了）
然后枚举每个点，统计以这个点为直角的所有三角形的个数
对8个方向做一个说明：
7 3 4
\ | /
\ | /
\|/
2---+---0
/|\
/ | \
/ | \
6 1 5
八个方向组成的以'+'为原点，长度为1的直角：
0 -> + -> 1
+-
|
1 -> + -> 2
-+
|
2 -> + -> 3
|
-+
3 -> + -> 0
|
+-
4 -> + -> 5
/
+
\
5 -> + -> 6
+
/ \
6 -> + -> 7
\
+
/
7 -> + -> 4
\ /
+
代码
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
#include<algorithm>
using namespace std;
const int maxn = 444;
char str[maxn][maxn];
//dp[i][j][d]记录(i,j)顶点从八个方向扩散出去的长度（这里的长度是按顶点数来度量的）。
int dp[maxn][maxn][8];
typedef __int64 LL;
int n, m;
int main() {
scanf("%d%d", &n, &m);
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) scanf("%s", str[i] + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < maxn; i++) str[i][0] = str[0][i] = str[n + 1][i] = str[i][m + 1] = '1';
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
//预处理出每个顶点八个方向能延伸出去的最大长度
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i][j + k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][0] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i + k][j] == '1') {
dp[i][j][1] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i][j - k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][2] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i - k][j] == '1') {
dp[i][j][3] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i - k][j + k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][4] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i + k][j + k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][5] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i + k][j - k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][6] = k - 1; break;
}
for (int k = 0;; k++) if (str[i - k][j - k] == '1') {
dp[i][j][7] = k - 1; break;
}
}
}
int ma = max(n, m);
LL ans = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= m; j++) {
int cnt = ans;
//这里的k可以理解为两直角边的长度。
for (int k = 1; k <= ma; k++) {
//计算以(i,j)这个顶点为直角的等腰直角三角形（总共有八个，看几个是合法的）
//这四种情况中直角由网格的两条邻边构成
//这四种情况等腰直角三角形三边跨越的顶点数刚好都是相等的
if (k <= dp[i][j][0] && k <= dp[i][j][1] && k <= dp[i][j + k][6]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][1] && k <= dp[i][j][2] && k <= dp[i + k][j][7]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][2] && k <= dp[i][j][3] && k <= dp[i][j - k][4]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][3] && k <= dp[i][j][0] && k <= dp[i - k][j][5]) {
ans++;
}
//这四种情况中直角由网格的两条相邻对角线构成
//这里开始斜边跨越的节点数刚好是直角边的两倍，所以斜边是2*k。
if (k <= dp[i][j][4] && k <= dp[i][j][5] && 2*k <= dp[i - k][j + k][1]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][5] && k <= dp[i][j][6] && 2*k <= dp[i + k][j + k][2]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][6] && k <= dp[i][j][7] && 2*k <= dp[i + k][j - k][3]) {
ans++;
}
if (k <= dp[i][j][7] && k <= dp[i][j][4] && 2*k <= dp[i - k][j - k][0]) {
ans++;
}
}
}
}
printf("%I64d\n", ans);
return 0;
}
/*
3 3
001
010
000
3 4
0010
0100
0010
5 5
00000
01010
00000
01010
00000
4 4
0000
0111
0011
0111
*/