1. ls 列出目录的内容
常用选项如下:
-a --all:
显示目录下所有的文件或子目录,包括隐藏文件、当前目录"."和上级目录".."
[root@localhost ~]# ls -a
. .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .cshrc .pki .tcshrc .viminfo
-A --almost-all:
显示目录下所有的文件或子目录,包括隐藏文件,但不包括"."和".."
[root@localhost ~]# ls -A
.bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .cshrc .pki .tcshrc .viminfo
-b --escape:
打印 C 风格的转义非图形字符
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
\ test_dir test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -b
\\ test_dir test_txt
--block-size=SIZE:
配合"-l"选项使用,输出的文件或目录的大小由SIZE决定(值有,K, M, G, T, P...)
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --block-size=M
total 0M
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1M Apr 19 21:46 \
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1M Apr 19 21:44 test_dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0M Apr 19 21:44 test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --block-size=P
total 0P
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1P Apr 19 21:46 \
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1P Apr 19 21:44 test_dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0P Apr 19 21:44 test_txt
--color:
是否显示颜色,有三个选项:never', 'auto' 或 'always'
[root@localhost tmp]# ls --color=auto
\ test_dir test_txt
--d --directory:
显示目录本身,而不会显示目录下的内容
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -d
.
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -ld
drwxrwxrwt. 9 root root 152 Apr 19 21:46 .
-F:
向条目追加指示器(其中之一* / = > @
)
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -F
\/ test_dir/ test_dir_link@ test_txt test_txt_link
--file-type:
于-F相同,但不显示*
[root@localhost tmp]# ls --file-type
\/ test_dir/ test_dir_link@ test_txt test_txt_link
--format=WORD:
显示格式-x
-横向排序(默认),-m
横向排序,逗号分隔,-1
一行显示一个数据
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -x
\ test_dir test_dir_link test_txt test_txt_link
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -m
\, test_dir, test_dir_link, test_txt, test_txt_link
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -1
\
test_dir
test_dir_link
test_txt
test_txt_link
--full-time:
长格式显示,显示详细时间,精确到后9位
[root@localhost tmp]# ls --full-time
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 2019-04-19 21:46:15.623050216 +0800 \
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 2019-04-19 21:44:19.657044687 +0800 test_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 2019-04-19 22:21:43.109151663 +0800 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2 2019-04-19 22:22:46.067154665 +0800 test_txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 2 2019-04-19 22:22:46.067154665 +0800 test_txt_link
-g:
与-l
相似,但不输出属主
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -g
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 6 Apr 19 21:46 \
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 6 Apr 19 21:44 test_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 9 Apr 19 22:21 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 2 Apr 19 22:22 test_txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 2 Apr 19 22:22 test_txt_link
-G --no-group:
与-l
相似,但不输出数组
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lG
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 6 Apr 19 21:46 \
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 6 Apr 19 21:44 test_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 9 Apr 19 22:21 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 2 Apr 19 22:22 test_txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 2 Apr 19 22:22 test_txt_link
-h --human-readable
与-l
一起使用,打印人性化格式(1K, 1M, 1G)
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lh /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 18K Aug 24 2018 /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
--si:
使用1000位单位,而不是1024
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l /etc/wgetrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4479 Oct 31 00:54 /etc/wgetrc
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l --si /etc/wgetrc
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4.5k Oct 31 00:54 /etc/wgetrc
--hide=:
不要列出匹配shell模式的隐含条目(被 -a 或 -A 覆盖)
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
\ test_dir test_dir_link test_txt test_txt_link
[root@localhost tmp]# ls --hide=test*
\
-i --inode:
打印每个文件的索引号
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -i
50812413 \ 16777295 test_dir_link 16777289 test_txt_link
33689716 test_dir 16777289 test_txt
-Q --quote-name:
用双引号将名称括起来
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -Q
"\\" "test_dir" "test_dir_link" "test_txt" "test_txt_link"
-r --reverse:
倒序
[root@localhost tmp]#
[root@localhost tmp]# ls
\ test_dir test_dir_link test_txt test_txt_link
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -r
test_txt_link test_txt test_dir_link test_dir \
-R --recursive:
递归地列出子目录
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -R
.:
\ test_dir test_dir_link test_txt test_txt_link
./\:
./test_dir:
-s --size:
打印每个文件的分配大小,以块为单位
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -ls
total 2048
0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 19 21:46 \
0 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 19 21:44 test_dir
0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr 19 22:21 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
1024 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 1048576 Apr 19 23:28 test_txt
1024 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 1048576 Apr 19 23:28 test_txt_link
-S:
按文件大小进行排序
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lhaS
total 16K
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 512 Apr 19 23:30 test_txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Apr 19 23:30 test_txt_a
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 512 Apr 19 23:30 test_txt_link
-rw-------. 1 root root 247 Apr 17 06:35 .ifstat.u0
dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root root 244 Apr 17 09:29 ..
drwxrwxrwt. 9 root root 212 Apr 19 23:30 .
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 21 Apr 19 23:30 test_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr 19 22:21 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 19 21:46 \
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 22:49 .font-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 22:49 .ICE-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 22:49 .Test-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 22:49 .X11-unix
drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 6 Apr 16 22:49 .XIM-unix
-U:
不进行排序,按目录顺序列出条目
-t:
按修改时间排序,即最近更改的时间进行排序
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -lht
total 12K
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 Apr 19 23:46 test_txt
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 Apr 19 23:46 test_txt_link
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 512 Apr 19 23:30 test_txt_a
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 21 Apr 19 23:30 test_dir
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Apr 19 22:21 test_dir_link -> test_dir/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 6 Apr 19 21:46 \
-X:
按条目扩展按字母顺序排序
-u:
显示最后一次访问的时间,而不是最近修改时间
--time-style=:
显示时间的格式,可选参数有:full-iso,long-iso,iso,locale,或者+FORMAT
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l test_txt --time-style=full-iso
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 2019-04-19 23:46:52.748395309 +0800 test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l test_txt --time-style=long-iso
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 2019-04-19 23:46 test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l test_txt --time-style=iso
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 04-19 23:46 test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l test_txt --time-style=locale
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 Apr 19 23:46 test_txt
[root@localhost tmp]# ls -l test_txt --time-style=+"%F %T"
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 519 2019-04-19 23:46:52 test_txt