JavaScript的Deferred是比较高大上的东西, 主要的应用还是主ajax的应用, 因为JS和nodeJS这几年的普及, 前端的代码越来越多, 各种回调套回调再套回调实在太让人崩溃, 所以就从后端拖了一个延迟对象这货, 用来解决回调地狱这个问题 。
我们使用ajax的时候多数都是为ajax添加回调 ,然后异步向服务器发送请求, 比如如下原生的XHR代码:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>
填坑必备
</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="results">
data
</div>
<script>
var results = document.getElementById('results');
var r = new XMLHttpRequest();
r.open("GET", "http://www.filltext.com?rows=10&f={firstName}", true);
r.onreadystatechange = function () {
if (r.readyState != 4 || r.status != 200) return;
var data = JSON.parse(r.responseText);
for (i=0;i<data.length;i++){
results.innerHTML += '<li>'+data[i].f+'</li>'
};
};
r.send();
</script>
</body>
</html>
因为jQ1.5以后版本的ajax的实例对象继承了延迟对象， 我们可以使用ajax实例的then或者done以及fail等等方法 ，所以上面的代码可以改写为：
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>
填坑必备
</title>
</head>
//bootcdn这个cdn满好用的, 上面好多库哇, 推荐一下;
<script src="http://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/2.1.3/jquery.min.js"></script>
<body>
<div id="results">
data
</div>
<script>
//then : $.get, $.post, $.ajax返回的对象是延迟对象(deferred);
$.get("http://www.filltext.com?rows=10&f={firstName}").then(function(data){
console.log(data);
for (i=0;i<data.length;i++){
$("#results").html(function(){
return $.map(data,function( obj ) {
return obj.f
}).join(" || ")
})
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
下划线的这个是网上抄的，不想看可以略过：异步模式在web编程中变得越来越重要，对于web主流语言Javscript来说，这种模式实现起来不是很利索，为此，许多Javascript库（比如 jQuery和Dojo）添加了一种称为promise的抽象（有时也称之为deferred）。通过这些库，开发人员能够在实际编程中使用 promise模式。
先说下延迟对象的三种状态， 当一个延迟对象被初始化那么该对象默认为peding状态
1：pending等待状态
2：fulfilled执行完成状态
3：rejected拒绝状态；
延迟对象的两个主要方法：
1：add 这个方法是添加成功回调
2：fail 这个方法是添加拒绝回调
延迟对象比较高级的方法：
1：then方法； 该方法返回一个包裹了旧延迟对象的新延迟对象
2：promise方法；这个对象返回的是阉割后的Defered(延迟对象),主要作用是保护原来延迟对象;
3：when这个方法不是在延迟对象的实例上, (根据库的不同, when这个方法在不同的地方,比如jQ的when方法是$.when,别的库( •̀ ω •́ ) 也说不准, 反正when的源代码是在Deferred附近), 但是和延迟对象息息相关， 因为这个方法返回的也是一个延迟对象, 顾名思义when的作用就是：when你传的几个延迟对象全部resolve以后, when的返回实例会resolve....懂得自然懂, 不急；
下面这张图是jQ这个Deferred实例对象的方法, 提供参考:
以下的JS代码是《司徒框架设计》里面介绍的延迟对象mochikit, 可以自己在控制台跟踪一下就知道执行的流程：
mochikit延迟对象源代码如下, 这个延迟对象很好理解;GitHub的地址是： https://github.com/mochi/mochikit/
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
/** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred */
var MochiKitDeferred = function (/* optional */ canceller) {
this.chain = [];
this.id = this._nextId();
this.fired = -1;
this.paused = 0;
this.results = [null, null];
this.canceller = canceller;
this.silentlyCancelled = false;
this.chained = false;
this.finalized = false;
this.GenericError = function(msg){
return new Error("GenericError"+msg);
};
this.CancelledError = function(msg) {
return new Error("CancelledError"+msg);
};
}; MochiKitDeferred.prototype = {
/** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.repr */
repr: function () {
return 'Deferred(' + this.id + ', ' + this.state() + ')';
}, toString: "", _nextId: function() {
//return setTimeout("",0),中间要有一个空格, 要么不行;
return setTimeout(" ",0);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.state */
state: function () {
if (this.fired == -1) {
return 'unfired';
} else if (this.fired === 0) {
return 'success';
} else {
return 'error';
}
},
/** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.cancel */
cancel: function (e) {
var self = this;
if (this.fired == -1) {
if (this.canceller) {
this.canceller(this);
} else {
this.silentlyCancelled = true;
}
if (this.fired == -1) {
if (typeof(e) === 'string') {
e = new self.GenericError(e);
} else if (!(e instanceof Error)) {
e = new self.CancelledError(this);
}
this.errback(e);
}
} else if ((this.fired === 0) && (this.results[0] instanceof self.Deferred)) {
this.results[0].cancel(e);
}
}, _resback: function (res) {
/*** The primitive that means either callback or errback ***/
this.fired = ((res instanceof Error) ? 1 : 0);
this.results[this.fired] = res;
if (this.paused === 0) {
this._fire();
}
}, _check: function () {
if (this.fired != -1) {
if (!this.silentlyCancelled) {
throw new MochiKit.Async.AlreadyCalledError(this);
}
this.silentlyCancelled = false;
return;
}
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.callback */
callback: function (res) {
this._check();
if (res instanceof MochiKit.Async.Deferred) {
throw new Error("Deferred instances can only be chained if they are the result of a callback");
}
this._resback(res);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.errback */
errback: function (res) {
this._check();
var self = MochiKit.Async;
if (res instanceof self.Deferred) {
throw new Error("Deferred instances can only be chained if they are the result of a callback");
}
if (!(res instanceof Error)) {
res = new self.GenericError(res);
}
this._resback(res);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addBoth */
addBoth: function (fn) {
return this.addCallbacks(fn, fn);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addCallback */
addCallback: function (fn) {
if (arguments.length > 1) {
fn = MochiKit.Base.partial.apply(null, arguments);
}
return this.addCallbacks(fn, null);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addErrback */
addErrback: function (fn) {
if (arguments.length > 1) {
fn = MochiKit.Base.partial.apply(null, arguments);
}
return this.addCallbacks(null, fn);
}, /** @id MochiKit.Async.Deferred.prototype.addCallbacks */
addCallbacks: function (cb, eb) {
if (this.chained) {
throw new Error("Chained Deferreds can not be re-used");
}
if (this.finalized) {
throw new Error("Finalized Deferreds can not be re-used");
}
this.chain.push([cb, eb]); //已经触发了, 让他emitDirect;
if (this.fired >= 0) {
this._fire();
}
return this;
}, _fire: function () {
/*** Used internally to exhaust the callback sequence when a result
is available. ***/
var chain = this.chain;
var fired = this.fired;
var res = this.results[fired];
var self = this;
var cb = null;
while (chain.length > 0 && this.paused === 0) {
// Array
var pair = chain.shift();
var f = pair[fired];
if (f === null) {
continue;
};
try {
res = f(res);
fired = ((res instanceof Error) ? 1 : 0);
if (res instanceof MochiKitDeferred) {
//new如果返回的是延迟对象, 那么this的.paused就被卡住了;
cb = function (res) {
self.paused--;
self._resback(res);
};
/*
*/
this.paused++;
};
} catch (err) {
fired = 1;
if (!(err instanceof Error)) {
err = new MochiKitDeferred.GenericError(err);
}
res = err;
};
};
this.fired = fired;
this.results[fired] = res;
if (this.chain.length == 0 && this.paused === 0 && this._finalizer) {
this.finalized = true;
this._finalizer(res);
}
if (cb && this.paused) {
// this is for "tail recursion" in case the dependent deferred
// is already fired
res.addBoth(cb);
res.chained = true;
}
}
}; //这个延迟对象最常用方式是这样：
var df = new MochiKitDeferred();
df.addBoth(function(){
console.log(1);
}).addBoth(function(){
console.log(2)
})
df._resback(); // 控制他打出 ==>1 \n\r 2 \n\r; //这个延迟对象最常用方式是这样;
//当然, 你可以把上面一个函数的返回值作为下一个函数的参数, 如下：
var df = new MochiKitDeferred();
df.addBoth(function(){
return 0
}).addBoth(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
return 1;
}).addBoth(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
return 2;
}).addBoth(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
})
df._resback(); // 控制他打出 ==>1 \n\r 2 \n\r; </script>
</body>
</html>
博客园上博友教你写一个比较简单的延迟对象, 地址是： http://www.cnblogs.com/ygm125/p/3735677.html
是代码量比较少的, 也好理解, 实在不懂就开控制器一步一步跟踪, 多看几遍, 不懂都说不过去:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script> (function(window,undefined){ var PENDING = undefined, FULFILLED = 1, REJECTED = 2; var isFunction = function(obj){
return 'function' === typeof obj;
}
var isArray = function(obj) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) === "[object Array]";
}
var isThenable = function(obj){
return obj && typeof obj['then'] == 'function';
} var transition = function(status,value){
var promise = this;
if(promise._status !== PENDING) return;
// 所以的执行都是异步调用，保证then是先执行的
setTimeout(function(){
promise._status = status;
publish.call(promise,value);
});
}
var publish = function(val){
var promise = this,
fn,
st = promise._status === FULFILLED,
queue = promise[st ? '_resolves' : '_rejects']; while(fn = queue.shift()) {
val = fn.call(promise, val) || val;
}
promise[st ? '_value' : '_reason'] = val;
promise['_resolves'] = promise['_rejects'] = undefined;
} var Promise = function(resolver){
if (!isFunction(resolver))
throw new TypeError('You must pass a resolver function as the first argument to the promise constructor');
if(!(this instanceof Promise)) return new Promise(resolver); var promise = this;
promise._value;
promise._reason;
promise._status = PENDING;
promise._resolves = [];
promise._rejects = []; var resolve = function(value){
transition.apply(promise,[FULFILLED].concat([value]));
}
var reject = function(reason){
transition.apply(promise,[REJECTED].concat([reason]));
} resolver(resolve,reject);
} Promise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled,onRejected){
var promise = this;
// 每次返回一个promise，保证是可thenable的
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
function callback(value){
var ret = isFunction(onFulfilled) && onFulfilled(value) || value;
if(isThenable(ret)){
ret.then(function(value){
resolve(value);
},function(reason){
reject(reason);
});
}else{
resolve(ret);
}
}
function errback(reason){
reason = isFunction(onRejected) && onRejected(reason) || reason;
reject(reason);
}
if(promise._status === PENDING){
promise._resolves.push(callback);
promise._rejects.push(errback);
}else if(promise._status === FULFILLED){ // 状态改变后的then操作，立刻执行
callback(promise._value);
}else if(promise._status === REJECTED){
errback(promise._reason);
}
});
} Promise.prototype.catch = function(onRejected){
return this.then(undefined, onRejected)
} Promise.prototype.delay = function(ms){
return this.then(function(val){
return Promise.delay(ms,val);
})
} Promise.delay = function(ms,val){
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
setTimeout(function(){
resolve(val);
},ms);
})
} Promise.resolve = function(arg){
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
resolve(arg)
})
} Promise.reject = function(arg){
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
reject(arg)
})
} Promise.all = function(promises){
if (!isArray(promises)) {
throw new TypeError('You must pass an array to all.');
}
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
var i = 0,
result = [],
len = promises.length; function resolver(index) {
return function(value) {
resolveAll(index, value);
};
} function rejecter(reason){
reject(reason);
} function resolveAll(index,value){
result[index] = value;
if(index == len - 1){
resolve(result);
}
} for (; i < len; i++) {
promises[i].then(resolver(i),rejecter);
}
});
} Promise.race = function(promises){
if (!isArray(promises)) {
throw new TypeError('You must pass an array to race.');
}
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
var i = 0,
len = promises.length; function resolver(value) {
resolve(value);
} function rejecter(reason){
reject(reason);
} for (; i < len; i++) {
promises[i].then(resolver,rejecter);
}
});
} window.Promise = Promise; })(window); //常见的使用方式如下：
var getData100 = function(){
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
setTimeout(function(){
resolve('100ms');
},100);
});
} var getData200 = function(){
return Promise(function(resolve,reject){
setTimeout(function(){
resolve('200ms');
},200);
});
} getData100().then(function(data){
console.log(data); // 100ms
return getData200();
}).then(function(data){
console.log(data); // 200ms
return data + data;
}).then(function(data){
console.log(data) // 200ms200ms
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
公司这边的老段写的Deferred, 是从TypeScript编译成js的, 因为这个东西比较简单, 应该不算泄露公司机密哇, 代码的最后有几个使用的实例, 你点击运行即可查看, 有兴趣自己写一个延迟对象, 印象会更加深刻：
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>无标题文档</title>
</head>
<body>
<script> //d为目标对象, b为一个函数对象;
var __extends = this.__extends || function (d, b) {
//继承了静态属性
for (var p in b) if (b.hasOwnProperty(p)) d[p] = b[p];
function __() { this.constructor = d; }
//继承了原型
__.prototype = b.prototype;
d.prototype = new __();
}; //Promise这个构造器, Deferred继承Promise;
var Promise = (function () {
function Promise() {
}
/**
* onDone/onFail 应该返回值（或抛出异常），即不应返回 undefined，忘记返回值通常是 Bug，因此会在控制台给出警告。
* 如果确实不需要返回值，可返回 null。
*/
Promise.prototype.then = function (onDone, onFail) {
return null;
};
Object.defineProperty(Promise.prototype, "status", {
get: function () {
return 0;
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
});
Object.defineProperty(Promise.prototype, "result", {
get: function () {
return undefined;
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
});
Promise.prototype.done = function (onDone) {
return this;
};
Promise.prototype.fail = function (onFail) {
return this;
};
Promise.prototype.progress = function (onProgress) {
return this;
}; Promise.when = function (promises) {
var allDone = new Deferred();
if (!promises.length) {
allDone.resolve([]);
return allDone;
}
var resolved = 0;
for (var i = 0; i < promises.length; i++) {
promises[i].done(function (v) {
++resolved;
if (resolved === promises.length && allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
var results = promises.map(function (p) {
return p.result;
});
allDone.resolve(results);
}
}).fail(function (e) {
if (allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED)
allDone.reject(e); //TODO 此处i是无用的，怎么指示是哪一个promise的信息？
}).progress(function (v) {
if (allDone.status === Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
allDone.notify(v); //TODO 此处i是无用的，怎么指示是哪一个promise的信息？
}
});
}
return allDone;
}; Promise.UNFULFILLED = 0;
Promise.RESOLVED = 1;
Promise.REJECTED = 2;
return Promise;
})(); var Deferred = (function (_super) {
//继承原型
__extends(Deferred, _super);
function Deferred() {
//继承
_super.call(this);
//成功的列表;
this._onDones = null;
//失败的列表;
this._onFails = null;
//进度的回调列表;
this._onProgresses = null;
// 0 : 为解决, 1 : 已解决, 2 : 被拒绝了;
this._status = Promise.UNFULFILLED;
this._result = undefined;
if (Deferred._DEBUG) {
try {
throw new Error('Deferred constructor calling stack');
} catch (e) {
this._stack = e;
};
};
}; //直接通过访问_status也行;
Object.defineProperty(Deferred.prototype, "status", {
get: function () {
return this._status;
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
}); //直接访问实例的_result也行;
Object.defineProperty(Deferred.prototype, "result", {
get: function () {
return this._result;
},
enumerable: true,
configurable: true
}); //把callback的成功列表全部压栈;
Deferred.prototype.done = function (onDone) {
if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
this._onDones = this._onDones || [];
this._onDones.push(onDone);
//如果已经成功直接触发成功回调, (这里要注意有种情况是“已经失败”的姿态, 这个成功回调并不会入栈或者触发);
} else if (this._status == Promise.RESOLVED)
this._emitEventDirectly(onDone);
return this;
}; //把callback的失败列表全部压栈;
Deferred.prototype.fail = function (onFail) {
if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
this._onFails = this._onFails || [];
this._onFails.push(onFail);
//如果已经失败直接触发失败回调;
} else if (this._status == Promise.REJECTED)
this._emitEventDirectly(onFail);
return this;
}; Deferred.prototype.progress = function (onProgress) {
if (this._status == Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
this._onProgresses = this._onProgresses || [];
this._onProgresses.push(onProgress);
}
return this;
}; //then这个很重要, 他会重新返回包装后的延迟对象, 也是延迟对象里面比较复杂的东西;
//功过then可以实现链式调用, 实例如下：
/*
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {
return 1
}).then(function(arg) {
console.log(arg);
return 2;
}).then(function(arg){
console.log(arg)
});
df.resolve();
*/
Deferred.prototype.then = function (onDone, onFail) {
var _this = this;
var def = new Deferred();
var result; //then返回的是新的延迟对象
//done是为当前这个延迟对象添加延迟对象;
this.done(function (data) {
// 这个done很重要, 有三个判断;
// 如果有没有onDone就直接为当前的resolve; 一个旧的derffer被resolve了那么新的deferred也resovle, resolve的参数为旧deferred的参数：实例如下
/*
var df = new Deferred();
df.then().done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve("1");
*/ // 如果有onDone, onDone的返回是非Deferred对象,通过resolve(返回值)闭包内的Deferred对象, 实例如下:
/*
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {return 2}).done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve();
*/ // 如果有onDone, 而且onDone返回对象是Promise的实例, 那么为返回的这个promise添加一个onDone, 这个onDone添加闭包内部的promise对象的resolve, 实例如下:
/*
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {
var closureDf = new Deferred();
setTimeout(function(){
closureDf.resolve("haha")
},4000);
return closureDf.promise();
}).done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve(); */
if (onDone) {
try {
result = onDone(data);
//主要是起到提示的作用;
_this._warnReturnValue(result);
if (result instanceof Promise) {
//result又是一个延迟对象的话, 当result发生resolve的时候,def也reslove
//result.done(def.resolve.bind(this)).fail(def.reject.bind(this)).progress(def.notify.bind(this));
//result.done(function(arg){ def.resolve(arg) }).fail(function(arg){ def.reject(arg) })
def._bindTo(result);
//
return result;
} else
//最好不要延迟对象套延迟对象, 会晕;
def.resolve(result);
} catch (err) {
def.reject(err);
}
} else
def.resolve(data);
});
this.fail(function (err) {
if (onFail) {
try {
result = onFail(err);
_this._warnReturnValue(result);
if (result instanceof Promise) {
def._bindTo(result);
return result;
} else {
def.resolve(result);
}
} catch (err2) {
def.reject(err2);
}
} else
def.reject(err);
}); return def;
}; Deferred.prototype.resolve = function (data) {
if (typeof data === 'undefined')
console.warn('>>>> Deferred.resolve() received undefined, likely a bug');
return this._emitEvent(data, Promise.RESOLVED);
}; Deferred.prototype.reject = function (err) {
if (Deferred._DEBUG) {
try {
throw new Error('Deferred.reject calling stack');
} catch (e) {
logw('rejected: Defered.constructor stack:\n' + (this._stack['stack'] || this._stack) + '\nrejected: Defered.rejected stack:\n' + (e['stack'] || e) + '\nrejected: reason stack:\n' + (err['stack'] || err));
}
}
return this._emitEvent(err, Promise.REJECTED);
}; Deferred.prototype.notify = function (data) {
return this._emitEvent(data);
}; //这个是触发事件的装饰者, 你要触发失败回调, 成功回调, 进度回调都需要走这边, 只是穿进来的姿态不一样而已;
Deferred.prototype._emitEvent = function (data, status) {
if (this._status != Promise.UNFULFILLED) {
throw Error('fulfilled');
} var callbacks;
//处理事件列表;
if (status === Promise.RESOLVED)
callbacks = this._onDones;
else if (status === Promise.REJECTED)
callbacks = this._onFails;
else
callbacks = this._onProgresses; //没有status是onProgress的情况;
if (status) {
this._status = status;
this._result = data;
this._onDones = this._onFails = this._onProgresses = null;
}; if (callbacks) {
for (var i = 0; i < callbacks.length; i++) {
try {
//这个是执行回调列表, 是线性的;
callbacks[i](data);
} catch (e) {
this._log(e);
}
}
}
return this;
}; Deferred.prototype._bindTo = function (p) {
p.done(this.resolve.bind(this)).fail(this.reject.bind(this)).progress(this.notify.bind(this));
}; Deferred.prototype._emitEventDirectly = function (callback) {
var _this = this;
if (!callback)
return;
setTimeout(function () {
try {
callback(_this._result);
} catch (e) {
_this._log(e);
}
}, 0);
}; Deferred.prototype._log = function (err) {
console.warn(err.stack || err);
}; Deferred.prototype._warnReturnValue = function (value) {
if (typeof value === 'undefined')
console.warn('>>>> Promise.then(): onDone/onFail returns undefined, likely a bug');
else if (value && !(value instanceof Promise) && typeof value.then === 'function')
console.warn('>>>> Promise.then(): onDone/onFail returns a promise-like object, likely a bug. Consider Promise.wrap().');
};
Deferred._DEBUG = false;
return Deferred;
})(Promise); //使用方法：
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {
return 1
}).then(function(arg) {
console.log(arg);
return 2;
}).then(function(arg){
console.log(arg)
});
df.resolve(); //单纯的Deferred相对于一个callbacks, 使用then方法就变成了链式调用(个人理解);
var df = new Deferred();
df.then().done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve("1"); //欢迎拍砖;
var df = new Deferred();
df.then(function() {return 2}).done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve();
</script>
</body>
</html>
jQ1.7的延迟对象， 代码量比较少， 依赖callbacks，不太好懂， 慢慢看，参考jQ的延迟对象分析:http://www.cnblogs.com/snandy/archive/2012/12/19/2812935.html
要先弄懂callbacks这个方法, 才能在弄懂Deferred, when也只是一个Deferred的包装。 建议先看1.5版本的Deferred, 弄懂了再看1.7的Deferred， 下面的Deferred被我单*出来了，可以单独运行, 里面的注释是博客园的好像是aaron写的代码解析, 辅助大家看一下：
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<script>
//jQ部分的延迟对象截取;
jQuery = $ = {};
jQuery.extend = function() {
var options, name, src, copy, copyIsArray, clone,
target = arguments[0] || {},
i = 1,
length = arguments.length,
deep = false; // Handle a deep copy situation
if ( typeof target === "boolean" ) {
deep = target;
target = arguments[1] || {};
// skip the boolean and the target
i = 2;
} // Handle case when target is a string or something (possible in deep copy)
if ( typeof target !== "object" && !jQuery.isFunction(target) ) {
target = {};
} // extend jQuery itself if only one argument is passed
if ( length === i ) {
target = this;
--i;
} for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
// Only deal with non-null/undefined values
if ( (options = arguments[ i ]) != null ) {
// Extend the base object
for ( name in options ) {
src = target[ name ];
copy = options[ name ]; // Prevent never-ending loop
if ( target === copy ) {
continue;
} // Recurse if we're merging plain objects or arrays
if ( deep && copy && ( jQuery.isPlainObject(copy) || (copyIsArray = jQuery.isArray(copy)) ) ) {
if ( copyIsArray ) {
copyIsArray = false;
clone = src && jQuery.isArray(src) ? src : []; } else {
clone = src && jQuery.isPlainObject(src) ? src : {};
} // Never move original objects, clone them
target[ name ] = jQuery.extend( deep, clone, copy ); // Don't bring in undefined values
} else if ( copy !== undefined ) {
target[ name ] = copy;
}
}
}
} // Return the modified object
return target;
}; var optionsCache = {};
var core_rspace = /\s+/;
var core_toString = Object.prototype.toString;
var class2type = {};
jQuery.each = function( obj, callback, args ) {
var name,
i = 0,
length = obj.length,
isObj = length === undefined || jQuery.isFunction( obj ); if ( args ) {
if ( isObj ) {
for ( name in obj ) {
if ( callback.apply( obj[ name ], args ) === false ) {
break;
}
}
} else {
for ( ; i < length; ) {
if ( callback.apply( obj[ i++ ], args ) === false ) {
break;
}
}
} // A special, fast, case for the most common use of each
} else {
if ( isObj ) {
for ( name in obj ) {
if ( callback.call( obj[ name ], name, obj[ name ] ) === false ) {
break;
}
}
} else {
for ( ; i < length; ) {
if ( callback.call( obj[ i ], i, obj[ i++ ] ) === false ) {
break;
}
}
}
};
return obj;
};
$.isFunction = function( obj ) {
return jQuery.type(obj) === "function";
}
$.type = function( obj ) {
return obj == null ?
String( obj ) :
class2type[ core_toString.call(obj) ] || "object";
};
jQuery.each("Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Object".split(" "), function(i, name) {
class2type[ "[object " + name + "]" ] = name.toLowerCase();
});
// Convert String-formatted options into Object-formatted ones and store in cache
function createOptions( options ) {
var object = optionsCache[ options ] = {};
jQuery.each( options.split( core_rspace ), function( _, flag ) {
object[ flag ] = true;
});
return object;
};
//$.Callbacks( 'once memory unique stopOnFalse' );
jQuery.Callbacks = function( options ) {
// Convert options from String-formatted to Object-formatted if needed
// (we check in cache first)
options = typeof options === "string" ?
( optionsCache[ options ] || createOptions( options ) ) :
jQuery.extend( {}, options ); var // Last fire value (for non-forgettable lists)
memory,
// Flag to know if list was already fired
fired,
// Flag to know if list is currently firing
firing,
// First callback to fire (used internally by add and fireWith)
firingStart,
// End of the loop when firing
firingLength,
// Index of currently firing callback (modified by remove if needed)
firingIndex,
// Actual callback list
list = [],
// Stack of fire calls for repeatable lists
stack = !options.once && [],
// Fire callbacks
fire = function( data ) {
//如果有memory我们会把传进来的参数保存;
memory = options.memory && data;
//触发的标志;
fired = true;
//如果有memory的callback对象执行过了, 会有firingStart;
firingIndex = firingStart || 0;
firingStart = 0;
firingLength = list.length;
//callback已经触发过后的标志;
firing = true;
for ( ; list && firingIndex < firingLength; firingIndex++ ) {
//return false的时候就不走了
if ( list[ firingIndex ].apply( data[ 0 ], data[ 1 ] ) === false && options.stopOnFalse ) {
memory = false; // To prevent further calls using add
break;
}
};
firing = false;
if ( list ) {
if ( stack ) {
if ( stack.length ) {
fire( stack.shift() );
}
} else if ( memory ) {
list = [];
} else {
self.disable();
}
}
},
//通过闭包, 保存局部变量, 返回self;
// Actual Callbacks object
self = {
// Add a callback or a collection of callbacks to the list
add: function() {
if ( list ) {
// First, we save the current length
var start = list.length; // 如果传进来的是[fn, fn1, fn2 , [fn3, fn4, fn5, fn6]]会把数组扁平化哦
// Array.prototype.concat.apply([],[1,2,3,[4,5]]); 你懂得....;
(function add( args ) {
jQuery.each( args, function( _, arg ) {
//
if ( jQuery.isFunction( arg ) && ( !options.unique || !self.has( arg ) ) ) {
list.push( arg );
} else if ( arg && arg.length ) {
// Inspect recursively
add( arg );
}
});
})( arguments );
// Do we need to add the callbacks to the
// current firing batch?
// 对定制选项的额外处理;
if ( firing ) {
firingLength = list.length;
// With memory, if we're not firing then
// we should call right away
} else if ( memory ) {
firingStart = start;
fire( memory );
}
}
return this;
},
// Remove a callback from the list
remove: function() {
//没list就不玩了;
if ( list ) {
jQuery.each( arguments, function( _, arg ) {
var index;
while( ( index = jQuery.inArray( arg, list, index ) ) > -1 ) {
list.splice( index, 1 );
// Handle firing indexes
// 对定制选项的额外处理;
if ( firing ) {
if ( index <= firingLength ) {
firingLength--;
}
if ( index <= firingIndex ) {
firingIndex--;
}
}
}
});
}
return this;
},
// Control if a given callback is in the list
has: function( fn ) {
return jQuery.inArray( fn, list ) > -1;
},
// Remove all callbacks from the list
empty: function() {
list = [];
return this;
},
// Have the list do nothing anymore
disable: function() {
list = stack = memory = undefined;
return this;
},
// Is it disabled?
disabled: function() {
return !list;
},
// Lock the list in its current state
lock: function() {
stack = undefined;
if ( !memory ) {
self.disable();
}
return this;
},
// Is it locked?
locked: function() {
return !stack;
},
// Call all callbacks with the given context and arguments
fireWith: function( context, args ) {
args = args || [];
args = [ context, args.slice ? args.slice() : args ];
if ( list && ( !fired || stack ) ) {
if ( firing ) {
stack.push( args );
} else {
fire( args );
}
}
return this;
},
// Call all the callbacks with the given arguments
fire: function() {
self.fireWith( this, arguments );
return this;
},
// To know if the callbacks have already been called at least once
fired: function() {
return !!fired;
}
}; return self;
}; //接着, 来参考一下jQ的延迟对象 , 原文地址在：http://www.cnblogs.com/lovesueee/archive/2012/10/18/2730287.html;
jQuery.extend({ Deferred: function( func ) {
// 数据元组集
// 每个元组分别包含一些与当前deferred相关的信息:
// 分别是：触发回调函数列表执行(函数名)，添加回调函数（函数名），回调函数列表（jQuery.Callbacks对象），deferred最终状态（第三组数据除外）
// 总体而言，三个元组会有对应的三个callbacklist对应于doneList, failList, processList
// 对于jQuery.Callbacks对象，可以看之前的文章http://www.cnblogs.com/lovesueee/archive/2012/10/18/2729829.html
var tuples = [
// action, add listener, listener list, final state
[ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
[ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
[ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
],
// deferred的状态，分为三种：pending(初始状态), resolved(解决状态), rejected(拒绝状态)
state = "pending",
// promise对象，主要有两点作用：
// 1. 在初始化deferred对象时，promise对象里的方法都会被extend到deferred中去
// 2. 那么，生成的deferred对象里必然引用了promise对象的promise方法，所以当调用deferred.promise()时，
// deferred对象会通过闭包返回promise对象，这就是所谓的受限制的deferred对象（用deferred2表示），因为相比之前，
// 返回的deferred2不在拥有resolve(With), reject(With), notify(With)这些能改变deferred对象状态并且执行callbacklist的方法了
promise = { // 返回闭包里的内部state（外部只读）
state: function() {
return state;
}, // 同时在doneList和failList的list里添加回调函数（引用）
// 那么不论deferred最终状态是resolved还是rejected, 回调函数都会被执行，这就是所谓的always
always: function() {
deferred.done( arguments ).fail( arguments );
return this;
}, // jQuery.then()会创建一个新的受限制的deferred对象
// 有点复杂，下面我有画一个图帮忙理解
then: function( /* fnDone, fnFail, fnProgress */ ) {
var fns = arguments;
// 创建新的受限制的deferred对象（称作newDeferrred），并返回
// 利用返回的deferred对象就可以做很多事了，你懂的
return jQuery.Deferred(function( newDefer ) {
/*
var tuples = [
// action, add listener, listener list, final state
[ "resolve", "done", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "resolved" ],
[ "reject", "fail", jQuery.Callbacks("once memory"), "rejected" ],
[ "notify", "progress", jQuery.Callbacks("memory") ]
]
*/
jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
var action = tuple[ 0 ],
fn = fns[ i ];
// >>>> 很重要的一点就是：then这个方法是新建一个deferred,然后把当前deferred的done, fail progress三个依次添加新deferred, 并把这个deferred返回; <<<< // deferred[ done | fail | progress ] for forwarding actions to newDefer
// 分别为deferred的三个callbacklist添加回调函数，根据fn的是否是函数，分为两种情况：
// 1.不是函数的情况（如值为undefined或者null等），直接链接到newDeferred的resolve(reject,notify)方法，也就是说
// newDeferrred的执行依赖外层的调用者deferred的状态或者说是执行动作（resolve还是reject或者是notify）
// 此时deferred.then()相当于将自己的callbacklist和newDeferred的callbacklist连接起来了，故可以在newDeferred
// 中大做文章
// 2.是函数的情况，根据返回值(称作returnReferred)是否是deferred对象，又可以分为两种情况：
// 2.1 返回值是deferred对象，那么在returnReferred对象的三个回调函数列表中添加newDeferred的resolve(reject,notify)方法
// 也就是说newDeferrred的执行依赖returnDeferred的状态
// 2.2 返回值不是deferred对象，那么将返回值returned作为newDeferred的参数并将从外层deferred那边的上下文环境作为newDeferred
// 的执行上下文，然后执行对应的回调函数列表，此时newDeferrred的执行依赖外层的调用者deferred的状态 //deferred.done(fn), deferred.fail(fn), deferred.progress(fn);
deferred[ tuple[1] ]( jQuery.isFunction( fn ) ?
//传进来的是函数的情况下, 函数可能不返回, 也可能返回一个延迟对象;;
function() {
//这行传进来的参数, 利用闭包, fn是这个闭包的变量;
var returned = fn.apply( this, arguments );
//又返回了一个延迟对象的话, 我们再把这个新的延迟对象的resolve和reject和notify放到这个deferred;
if ( returned && jQuery.isFunction( returned.promise ) ) {
returned.promise()
.done( newDefer.resolve )
.fail( newDefer.reject )
.progress( newDefer.notify );
} else {
//这个函数返回的不是延迟对象, 把这个fn的返回值作为参数触发newDefer;
newDefer[ action + "With" ]( this === deferred ? newDefer : this, [ returned ] );
}
} :
newDefer[ action ]
);
});
fns = null;
}).promise();
}, promise: function( obj ) {
return typeof obj === "object" ? jQuery.extend( obj, promise ) : promise;
}
},
// 实际返回的deferred对象
deferred = {}; // Keep pipe for back-compat
// pipe和then引用同一个函数，所以功能是一样的
// 只不过通常的用法是：会用pipe进行filter操作
promise.pipe = promise.then; // Add list-specific methods
// 通过上面定义的数据元组集来扩展一些方法
jQuery.each( tuples, function( i, tuple ) {
//就是callback了;
var list = tuple[ 2 ],
//resolved, rejected
stateString = tuple[ 3 ]; // promise[ done | fail | progress ] = list.add
// 给上面的promise对象添加done，fail，process方法
// 这三个方法分别引用三个不同jQuery.Callbacks对象的add方法（不是同一个引用），
// 那么这三个方法的用途就是向各自的回调函数列表list（各自闭包中）中添加回调函数，互不干扰
promise[ tuple[1] ] = list.add; // Handle state
// 通过stateString有值这个条件，预先向doneList,failList中的list添加三个回调函数
// doneList : [changeState, failList.disable, processList.lock]
// failList : [changeState, doneList.disable, processList.lock]
// changeState 指的是下面首先添加的一个改变deferred对象的匿名函数
// 可以看的出: 不论deferred对象最终是resolve（还是reject），在首先改变对象状态之后，都会disable另一个函数列表failList(或者doneList)
// 然后lock processList保持其状态，最后执行剩下的之前done（或者fail）进来的回调函数
// 当然了，上述情况processList除外
if ( stateString ) {
// 一旦触发就会把这个闭包的姿态字符串保存的state里面去;
list.add(function() {
// state = [ resolved | rejected ]
state = stateString; // [ reject_list | resolve_list ].disable; progress_list.lock
}, tuples[ i ^ 1 ][ 2 ].disable, tuples[ 2 ][ 2 ].lock );
} // deferred[ resolve | reject | notify ] = list.fire
// 给deferred对象添加resolve(With), reject(With), notify(With)方法
// 这三个方法分别引用三个不同jQuery.Callbacks对象的fire方法;
deferred[ tuple[0] ] = list.fire;
deferred[ tuple[0] + "With" ] = list.fireWith;
}); // jQuery.extend( deferred, promise );
// 将上面的promise对象extend进deferred中
promise.promise( deferred ); // Call given func if any
// 如果调用jQuery.Deferred(func)指定了参数，那么调用func并设置func的上下文和参数均为deferred
// 在jQuery.then()中有用到这一点
if ( func ) {
func.call( deferred, deferred );
} // All done!
// 返回最终的deferred对象
return deferred;
}, //suborinate:部属;部下，下级的意思,
when: function( subordinate /* , ..., subordinateN */ ) {
var i = 0,
// 首先将arguments伪数组转换为真正的数组
resolveValues = core_slice.call( arguments ),
length = resolveValues.length, // the count of uncompleted subordinates
// jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise )用来判断subordinate是否是deferred对象
// 1. 在参数个数等于1的情况下：
// 1.1 如果参数是deferred对象，那么remaining = length, 这是remaining就是1嘛
// 1.2 否则remaining为0
// 2. 在参数不等于1(即等于0或者大于1)的情况：remaining = length
remaining = length !== 1 || ( subordinate && jQuery.isFunction( subordinate.promise ) ) ? length : 0, // the master Deferred. If resolveValues consist of only a single Deferred, just use that.
// 到这里就可以知道：如果参数个数仅为1个，并且是deferred对象，那么就无需再生成deferred对象
deferred = remaining === 1 ? subordinate : jQuery.Deferred(), // Update function for both resolve and progress values
updateFunc = function( i, contexts, values ) {
// 这里返回一个函数作为一个callback完全是为了创建一个闭包，主要是为了保持i的值
return function( value ) {
// 保存各个deferred执行的上下文，也就是说之后whenDeferred的回调函数的上下文就是一个数组
contexts[ i ] = this;
// 保存各个deferred执行时的参数，之后传递给whenDeferred的回调函数
// 此时values的值有原先的jQuery.when()传进来的参数变为各个deferred执行回调时的参数了，也就是说覆盖了
values[ i ] = arguments.length > 1 ? core_slice.call( arguments ) : value;
if( values === progressValues ) {
deferred.notifyWith( contexts, values );
//所有的defer都执行了以后remaining就等于0了;
} else if ( !( --remaining ) ) {
// 时机成熟，即所有延迟都resolve，执行whenDeferred的回调函数
deferred.resolveWith( contexts, values );
}
};
}, progressValues, progressContexts, resolveContexts; // add listeners to Deferred subordinates; treat others as resolved
// 如果参数个数大于1，那么就是说有可能存在多个deferred对象
// 这时需要一些条件判断以保证是所有的deferred对象都resolve了，再执行whenDeferred的resolve
// 或者当有一个deferred对象reject了，whenDeferred的reject
if ( length > 1 ) {
progressValues = new Array( length );
progressContexts = new Array( length );
resolveContexts = new Array( length );
for ( ; i < length; i++ ) {
// 如果是deferred对象, 为每一个promise添加update,失败就执行返回deferred的fail列表;
if ( resolveValues[ i ] && jQuery.isFunction( resolveValues[ i ].promise ) ) {
// 给每个参数（deferred对象）添加最后的回调，用来检查此时的状态 resolveValues[ i ].promise()
// 用于当每一个deferred对象resolve回来，用updateFunc返回的函数检查此时其他deferred对象的状态（即此时remaining是否等于0了）
//updateFunc是一个闭包, 他把i传进去了, 只有then().done()或者then().promise()有返回值, promise(),或者是done是没有返回值的;
.done( updateFunc( i, resolveContexts, resolveValues ) )
// 如果有一个deferred对象reject,whenDeferred将执行reject
.fail( deferred.reject )
//updateFunc又是一个闭包, ;
.progress( updateFunc( i, progressContexts, progressValues ) );
// 如果不是deferred对象，直接--remaining，视为resolve
} else {
--remaining;
};
};
}; // if we're not waiting on anything, resolve the master
// 如果此时remaining就等与0了，表示没有什么延迟需要等待，那么立即之行whenDeferred的resolveWith
// 此时resolveContexts为undefined， 这就意味这上下文将为全局的window
if ( !remaining ) {
deferred.resolveWith( resolveContexts, resolveValues );
} // 返回promise对象;
return deferred.promise();
}
}); var df = $.Deferred();
df.done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
console.log(1)
})
df.done(function(arg){
console.log(arg);
console.log(2)
});
df.resolve("Deffffffffffrrrrred"); //延迟对象pipe的使用, pipe和then是一样的, 指向同一个函数;
var df = $.Deferred();
df.pipe(function() {
var closureDf = $.Deferred();
setTimeout(function(){
closureDf.resolve("haha")
},4000);
console.log(closureDf);
return closureDf;
}).done(function(arg){alert(1)
console.log(arg);
});
df.resolve(); </script>
</body>
</html>
ES6原生的好像支持PROMISE么么哒，O(∩_∩)O哈哈~；
参考链接：
用法：
阮一峰的jQuery.Deferred对象： http://javascript.ruanyifeng.com/jquery/deferred.html
Aaron：
Aaron深入分析延迟对象：http://www.cnblogs.com/aaronjs/p/3356505.html
Aaron 分析 Deferred概念 ：http://www.cnblogs.com/aaronjs/p/3348569.html
github：
when的主页：https://github.com/cujojs/when/
延迟对象cho45： https://github.com/cho45/jsdeferred
学习实例：
whenJS的使用方法,来自蛐蛐的个人博客：https://www.imququ.com/post/promises-when-js.html
教你一步一步实现一个Promise：http://www.cnblogs.com/ygm125/p/3735677.html
百科：
promise规范A+： https://promisesaplus.com/
*的promise/A规范说明：http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises/A ，打开非常慢
*的promise/B规范说明：http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Promises/B ，打开也非常慢