详解前端模块化工具-Webpack

React自发布以来吸引了越来越多的开发者，React开发和模块管理的主流工具webpack也被大家所熟知。那么webpack有哪些优势，可以成为最主流的React开发工具呢？

webpack是什么

CommonJS和AMD是用于JavaScript模块管理的两大规范，前者定义的是模块的同步加载，主要用于NodeJS；而后者则是异步加载，通过requirejs等工具适用于前端。随着npm成为主流的JavaScript组件发布平台，越来越多的前端项目也依赖于npm上的项目，或者自身就会发布到npm平台。因此，让前端项目更方便的使用npm上的资源成为一大需求。

web开发中常用到的静态资源主要有JavaScript、CSS、图片、Jade等文件，webpack中将静态资源文件称之为模块。webpack是一个module bundler(模块打包工具)，其可以兼容多种js书写规范，且可以处理模块间的依赖关系，具有更强大的js模块化的功能。Webpack对它们进行统一的管理以及打包发布，其官方主页用下面这张图来说明Webpack的作用：

webpack特性

webpack具有requireJs和browserify的功能，但仍有很多自己的新特性：

<code class="hljs markdown has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">1. </span>对 CommonJS 、 AMD 、ES6的语法做了兼容
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">2. </span>对js、css、图片等资源文件都支持打包
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">3. </span>串联式模块加载器以及插件机制，让其具有更好的灵活性和扩展性，例如提供对CoffeeScript、ES6的支持
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">4. </span>有独立的配置文件webpack.config.js
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">5. </span>可以将代码切割成不同的chunk，实现按需加载，降低了初始化时间
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">6. </span>支持 SourceUrls 和 SourceMaps，易于调试
<span class="hljs-bullet" style="box-sizing: border-box;">7. </span>具有强大的Plugin接口，大多是内部插件，使用起来比较灵活
8.webpack 使用异步 IO 并具有多级缓存。这使得 webpack 很快且在增量编译上更加快</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

React-sample

以 react-sample 为例，简单说明 webpack 如何打包一个 React 组件，其目录结构如下：

其中Hello.js定义了一个简单的React组件，使用ES6语法：

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
 * Created by pomy on 15/11/4.
 */</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> React, {Component} from <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'react'</span>;

<span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Hello</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Component</span> {</span>
    render(){
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> (
            <div>Hello, {<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.props.name}!</div>
        );
    }
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>

entry.js是入口文件，将一个Hello组件输出到界面：

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
 * Created by pomy on 15/11/4.
 */</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> React from <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'react'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> Hello from <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./hello'</span>;

React.render(<Hello name=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Nate"</span> />, document.body);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

index.html的内容如下：

<code class="hljs xml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-doctype" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><!DOCTYPE html></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">html</span> <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">lang</span>=<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">"en"</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">head</span>></span>
    <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">meta</span> <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">charset</span>=<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">"UTF-8"</span>></span>
    <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">title</span>></span>React Sample<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">title</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">head</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">body</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">script</span> <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">src</span>=<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">"./assets/bundle.js"</span>></span><span class="javascript" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></span><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">script</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">body</span>></span>
<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"></<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">html</span>></span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

webpack.config.js文件通常放在项目的根目录中，它本身也是一个标准的Commonjs规范的模块：

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
 * Created by pomy on 15/11/4.
 */</span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> path = require(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'path'</span>);

module.exports = {
    entry: path.resolve(__dirname, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./src/entry.js'</span>),
    output: {
        path: path.resolve(__dirname, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./assets'</span>),
        filename: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'bundle.js'</span>
    },

    module: {
        loaders: [
            { test: /\.js?$/, loaders: [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'babel'</span>], exclude: /node_modules/ },
            { test: /\.js$/, loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'babel-loader'</span>, exclude: /node_modules/}
        ]
    },

    resolve:{
        extensions:[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.js'</span>,<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.json'</span>]
    },
};</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li></ul>

整个代码在 这里，clone之后，切换到react-sample目录下，在终端运行 npm i && npm run build 进行打包，打包后的文件名是 bundle.js， 所在相对目录是 /assets。至此，webpack打包过程就Ok了。

Webpack安装和配置

安装

webpack 可以作为全局的npm模块安装，也可以在当前项目中安装。

<code class="hljs cmake has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">npm <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">install</span> -g webpack
npm <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">install</span> --save-dev webpack</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

对于全局安装的webpack，直接执行此命令会默认使用当前目录的webpack.config.js作为配置文件。如果要指定另外的配置文件，可以执行：

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">webpack —config webpack<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.custom</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.config</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.js</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

配置

每个项目下都必须配置有一个 webpack.config.js ，它的作用如同常规的 gulpfile.js/Gruntfile.js ，就是一个配置项，告诉 webpack 它需要做什么。

前文说了，webpack.config.js文件通常放在项目的根目录中，它本身也是一个标准的Commonjs规范的模块。在导出的配置对象中有几个关键的参数：

entry

entry参数定义了打包后的入口文件，可以是个字符串或数组或者是对象；如果是数组，数组中的所有文件会打包生成一个filename文件；如果是对象，可以将不同的文件构建成不同的文件:

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{
    <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">entry</span>:<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"> {
        page1: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"./page1"</span>,

        //支持数组形式，将加载数组中的所有模块，但以最后一个模块作为输出
        page2: [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"./entry1"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"./entry2"</span>]
    </span></span></span>},
    <span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">output</span>: <span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{
        <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">path</span>:<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"dist/js/page"</span>,
        publicPath: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"/output/"</span>,
        filename: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"[name].bundle.js"</span>
    </span></span></span>}
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>

该段代码最终会生成一个 page1.bundle.js 和 page2.bundle.js，并存放到 ./dist/js/page 文件夹下

output

output参数是个对象，定义了输出文件的位置及名字：

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">output</span>: <span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{
        <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">path</span>:<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"dist/js/page"</span>,
        publicPath: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"/output/"</span>,
        filename: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"[name].bundle.js"</span>
    </span></span></span>}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

path: 打包文件存放的绝对路径 
publicPath: 网站运行时的访问路径 
filename:打包后的文件名

当我们在entry中定义构建多个文件时，filename可以对应的更改为[name].js用于定义不同文件构建后的名字。

module

在webpack中JavaScript，CSS，LESS，TypeScript，JSX，CoffeeScript，图片等静态文件都是模块，不同模块的加载是通过模块加载器（webpack-loader）来统一管理的。loaders之间是可以串联的，一个加载器的输出可以作为下一个加载器的输入，最终返回到JavaScript上：

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">module: {
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//加载器配置</span>
        loaders: [
            <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//.css 文件使用 style-loader 和 css-loader 来处理</span>
            { test: <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/\.css$/</span>, loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'style-loader!css-loader'</span> },

            <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//.js 文件使用 jsx-loader 来编译处理</span>
            { test: <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/\.js$/</span>, loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'jsx-loader?harmony'</span> },

            <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//.scss 文件使用 style-loader、css-loader 和 sass-loader 来编译处理</span>
            { test: <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/\.scss$/</span>, loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'style!css!sass?sourceMap'</span>},

            <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//图片文件使用 url-loader 来处理，小于8kb的直接转为base64</span>
            { test: <span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/\.(png|jpg)$/</span>, loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'url-loader?limit=8192'</span>}
        ]
    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li></ul>

test项表示匹配的资源类型，loader或loaders项表示用来加载这种类型的资源的loader，loader的使用可以参考 using loaders，更多的loader可以参考 list of loaders。

！用来定义loader的串联关系，”-loader”是可以省略不写的，多个loader之间用“!”连接起来，但所有的加载器都需要通过npm来加载。

此外，还可以添加用来定义png、jpg这样的图片资源在小于10k时自动处理为base64图片的加载器：

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{ <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">test</span>:<span class="hljs-value" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 102, 102);"> /\.(png|jpg)$/,loader: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'url-loader?limit=10000'</span></span></span></span>}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

给css和less还有图片添加了loader之后，我们不仅可以像在node中那样require js文件了，我们还可以require css、less甚至图片文件：

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./bootstrap.css'</span>);
 <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./myapp.less'</span>);
 <span class="hljs-reserved" style="box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> img = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">document</span>.createElement(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'img'</span>);
 img.src = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'./glyph.png'</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

注意，require()还支持在资源path前面指定loader，即require(![loaders list]![source path])形式：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"!style!css!less!bootstrap/less/bootstrap.less"</span>);
<span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> “bootstrap.less”这个资源会先被<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"less-loader"</span>处理，
// 其结果又会被<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"css-loader"</span>处理，接着是<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"style-loader"</span>
// 可类比<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">pipe</span>操作</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

require()时指定的loader会覆盖配置文件里对应的loader配置项。

resolve

webpack在构建包的时候会按目录的进行文件的查找，resolve属性中的extensions数组中用于配置程序可以自行补全哪些文件后缀：

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> resolve: {
       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //查找module的话从这里开始查找</span>
        root: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'/pomy/github/flux-example/src'</span>,<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //绝对路径</span>

       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //自动扩展文件后缀名，意味着我们require模块可以省略不写后缀名</span>
        extensions: [<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">''</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.js'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.json'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'.scss'</span>],

       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //模块别名定义，方便后续直接引用别名，无须多写长长的地址</span>
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">alias</span>: {
            AppStore : <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'js/stores/AppStores.js'</span><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">,//后续直接 require('AppStore') 即可</span>
            ActionType : <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'js/actions/ActionType.js'</span>,
            AppAction : <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'js/actions/AppAction.js'</span>
        }
    }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

然后我们想要加载一个js文件时，只要require(‘common’)就可以加载common.js文件了。

注意一下, extensions 第一个是空字符串! 对应不需要后缀的情况.

plugin

webpack提供了[丰富的组件]用来满足不同的需求，当然我们也可以自行实现一个组件来满足自己的需求：

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">plugins: [
     <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//your plugins list</span>
 ]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

在webpack中编写js文件时，可以通过require的方式引入其他的静态资源，可通过loader对文件自动解析并打包文件。通常会将js文件打包合并，css文件会在页面的header中嵌入style的方式载入页面。但开发过程中我们并不想将样式打在脚本中，最好可以独立生成css文件，以外链的形式加载。这时extract-text-webpack-plugin插件可以帮我们达到想要的效果。需要使用npm的方式加载插件，然后参见下面的配置，就可以将js中的css文件提取，并以指定的文件名来进行加载。

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">npm install extract<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-text</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-webpack</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-plugin</span> –save<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-dev</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">plugins: [
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ExtractTextPlugin(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'styles.css'</span>)
]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

externals

当我们想在项目中require一些其他的类库或者API，而又不想让这些类库的源码被构建到运行时文件中，这在实际开发中很有必要。此时我们就可以通过配置externals参数来解决这个问题：

<code class="hljs bash has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> externals: {
     <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"jquery"</span>: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"jQuery"</span>
 }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

这样我们就可以放心的在项目中使用这些API了：var jQuery = require(“jquery”);

context

当我们在require一个模块的时候，如果在require中包含变量，像这样：

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"./mods/"</span> + name + <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">".js"</span>);</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

那么在编译的时候我们是不能知道具体的模块的。但这个时候，webpack也会为我们做些分析工作：

1.分析目录：’./mods’； 
2.提取正则表达式：’/^.*.js$/’；

于是这个时候为了更好地配合wenpack进行编译，我们可以给它指明路径，像在cake-webpack-config中所做的那样（我们在这里先忽略abcoption的作用）：

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"> var currentBase = process<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.cwd</span>()<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">;</span>
 var context = abcOptions<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.options</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.context</span> ? abcOptions<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.options</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.context</span> : 
 path<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.isAbsolute</span>(entryDir) ? entryDir : path<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.join</span>(currentBase, entryDir)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

关于 webpack.config.js 更详尽的配置可以参考这里

webpack常用命令

webpack的使用通常有三种方式：

1、命令行使用：webpack

<code class="hljs javascript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> webpack = <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'webpack'</span>);
webpack({
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//configuration</span>
}, <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">function</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(err, stats)</span>{</span>});</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

3、默认使用当前目录的webpack.config.js作为配置文件。如果要指定另外的配置文件，可以执行：webpack –config webpack.custom.config.js

webpack 的执行也很简单，直接执行

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">$ webpack <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>display<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-error</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-details</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

即可，后面的参数“–display-error-details”是推荐加上的，方便出错时能查阅更详尽的信息（比如 webpack 寻找模块的过程），从而更好定位到问题。 
常用命令 
webpack的使用和browserify有些类似，下面列举几个常用命令：

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">webpack 最基本的启动webpack命令
webpack <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-w</span> 提供watch方法，实时进行打包更新
webpack <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-p</span> 对打包后的文件进行压缩
webpack <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-d</span> 提供SourceMaps，方便调试
webpack <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>colors 输出结果带彩色，比如：会用红色显示耗时较长的步骤
webpack <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>profile 输出性能数据，可以看到每一步的耗时
webpack <span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>display<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-modules</span> 默认情况下 node_modules 下的模块会被隐藏，加上这个参数可以显示这些被隐藏的模块</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

前面的四个命令比较基础，使用频率会比较大，后面的命令主要是用来定位打包时间较长的原因，方便改进配置文件，提高打包效率。

图片打包和静态资源服务器

图片打包

webpack中对于图片的处理，可以通过url-loader来实现图片的压缩。

<code class="hljs avrasm has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">div<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.img</span>{
    background: url(../image/xxx<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.jpg</span>)
}

//或者
var img = document<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.createElement</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"img"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">;</span>
img<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.src</span> = require(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"../image/xxx.jpg"</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">;</span>
document<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.body</span><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">.appendChild</span>(img)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">;</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

针对上面的两种使用方式，loader可以自动识别并处理。根据loader中的设置，webpack会将小于指点大小的文件转化成 base64 格式的 dataUrl，其他图片会做适当的压缩并存放在指定目录中。

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">module</span>: {</span>
    {
      <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">test:</span> /\.(png|jpg)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$/</span>,
      <span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">loader:</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'url-loader?limit=10000&name=build/[name].[ext]'</span>
    }]
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

对于上面的配置，如果图片资源小于10kb就会转化成 base64 格式的 dataUrl，其他的图片会存放在build/文件夹下。

静态资源服务器

除了提供模块打包功能，Webpack还提供了一个基于Node.js Express框架的开发服务器，它是一个静态资源Web服务器，对于简单静态页面或者仅依赖于独立服务的前端页面，都可以直接使用这个开发服务器进行开发。在开发过程中，开发服务器会监听每一个文件的变化，进行实时打包，并且可以推送通知前端页面代码发生了变化，从而可以实现页面的自动刷新。

Webpack开发服务器需要单独安装，同样是通过npm进行：

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">npm install <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-g</span> webpack<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-dev</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-server</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

可以使用webpack-dev-server直接启动，也可以增加参数来获取更多的功能，具体配置可以参见官方文档。默认启动端口8080，通过localhost:8080/webpack-dev-server/可以访问页面，文件修改后保存时会在页面头部看到sever的状态变化，并且会进行热替换，实现页面的自动刷新。

原文手发：http://www.ido321.com/1646.html

前端开发者手册