40.1 互斥锁
40.1.1 介绍
- 互斥锁(mutex)是一种简单的加锁的方法来控制对共享资源的访问。
- 在同一时刻只能有一个线程掌握某个互斥锁,拥有上锁状态的线程能够对共享资源进行访问。
- 若其他线程希望上锁一个已经被上了互斥锁的资源,则该线程挂起,直到上锁的线程释放互斥锁为止。
- 互斥锁的数据类型
- pthread_mutex_t
4.1.2 互斥锁的创建和销毁
#include <pthread.h> int pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const pthread_mutex_attr_t *mutexattr); int pthread_mutex_destroy(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 函数参数:
- mutex:互斥锁
- mutexattr:互斥锁创建方式
- PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITALIZER:创建快速互斥锁
- PTHREAD_RECURSIVE_MUTEX_INITALIZER_NP:创建递归互斥锁
- PTHREAD_ERRORCHECK_MUTEX_INITALIZER_NP:创建检错互斥锁
- 返回值:成功,则返回 0,否则,返回错误编号
4.1.3 互斥锁上锁和解锁
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 /** 上锁,拿不到锁阻塞 */ 3 int pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); 4 /** 上锁,拿不到锁返回出错信息 */ 5 int pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex); 6 /** 释放锁 */ 7 int pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);
- 函数参数:
- mutex:互斥锁
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回出错码
4.1.4 例子:
对前一个银行账户代码进行修改:
atm_account.h
1 #ifndef __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ 2 #define __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ 3 4 #include <math.h> 5 #include <malloc.h> 6 #include <stdlib.h> 7 #include <stdio.h> 8 #include <string.h> 9 #include <unistd.h> 10 #include <pthread.h> 11 12 /** 账户信息 */ 13 typedef struct { 14 int code; ///< 银行账户的编码 15 double balance; ///< 账户余额 16 17 pthread_mutex_t mutex; ///< 定义一把互斥锁,用来对多线程操作的银行账户(共享资源)进行加锁 18 }atm_Account; 19 20 /** 创建账户 */ 21 extern atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance); 22 /** 销毁账户 */ 23 extern void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account); 24 /** 取款 */ 25 extern double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt); 26 /** 存款 */ 27 extern double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt); 28 /** 查看账户余额 */ 29 extern double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account); 30 31 #endif
atm_account.c
1 #include "atm_account.h" 2 3 /** 创建账户 */ 4 atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance) 5 { 6 atm_Account *account = (atm_Account *)malloc(sizeof(atm_Account)); 7 if(NULL == account) { 8 return NULL; 9 } 10 11 account->code = code; 12 account->balance = balance; 13 14 /** 对互斥锁进行初始化 */ 15 pthread_mutex_init(&account->mutex, NULL); 16 17 return account; 18 } 19 20 /** 销毁账户 */ 21 void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account) 22 { 23 if(NULL == account){ 24 return ; 25 } 26 27 pthread_mutex_destroy(&account->mutex); 28 free(account); 29 } 30 31 /** 取款: 成功,则返回取款金额 */ 32 double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt) 33 { 34 if(NULL == account) { 35 return 0.0; 36 } 37 38 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 39 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 40 41 if(amt < 0 || amt > account->balance) { 42 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 43 return 0.0; 44 } 45 46 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 47 sleep(1); 48 balance_tmp -= amt; 49 account->balance = balance_tmp; 50 51 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 52 53 return amt; 54 } 55 56 /** 存款: 返回存款的金额 */ 57 double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt) 58 { 59 if(NULL == account){ 60 return 0.0; 61 } 62 63 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 64 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 65 66 if(amt < 0){ 67 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 68 return 0.0; 69 } 70 71 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 72 sleep(1); 73 balance_tmp += amt; 74 account->balance = balance_tmp; 75 76 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 77 78 return amt; 79 } 80 81 /** 查看账户余额 */ 82 double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account) 83 { 84 if(NULL == account){ 85 return 0.0; 86 } 87 88 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 89 pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 90 91 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 92 pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 93 94 return balance_tmp; 95 }
编译运行结果如下:
不会发生同时取到 10000 的事情了。
40.2 互斥锁的类型和属性
40.2.1 互斥锁属性的创建和销毁
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 int pthread_mutexattr_init(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr); 3 int pthread_mutexattr_destroy(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- 返回值:
- 成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.2.2 互斥锁进程共享属性操作---获得和设置
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 int pthread_mutexattr_getpshared(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr, int *restrict pshared); 3 int pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(const pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int *pshared);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- pshared:进程共享属性
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE(默认情况)
- 锁只能用于一个进程内部的两个线程进行互斥
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
- 锁可以用于两个不同进程中的线程进行互斥
- PTHREAD_PROCESS_PRIVATE(默认情况)
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.2.3 互斥锁类型操作
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 int pthread_mutexattr_gettype(const pthread_mutexattr_t *restrict attr, int *restrict type); 3 int pthread_mutexattr_settype(pthread_mutexattr_t *attr, int type);
- 函数参数:
- attr:互斥锁属性
- type:互斥锁类型
- 标准互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次上锁会阻塞
- 递归互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次以后上锁还是成功,内部计数
- 检错互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK
- 第一次上锁成功,第二次上锁会出错
- 默认护持错:PTHREAD_MUTEX_DEFAULT(同标准互斥锁)
- 标准互斥锁:PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL
- 返回值:
- 成功返回 0, 出错返回错误编号
40.2.4 例子
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 #include <pthread.h> 4 #include <string.h> 5 6 7 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 8 { 9 pthread_mutex_t mutex; 10 if(argc < 2){ 11 fprintf(stdout, "-usrage:%s [error | noraml | recursive\n]", argv[0]); 12 exit(1); 13 } 14 15 /** 定义互斥锁属性 */ 16 pthread_mutexattr_t mutexattr; 17 /** 初始化互斥锁属性 */ 18 pthread_mutexattr_init(&mutexattr); 19 20 if(!strcmp(argv[1], "error")){ 21 /** 设置互斥锁类型 */ 22 pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ERRORCHECK); 23 } 24 else if(!strcmp(argv[1], "normal")){ 25 pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_NORMAL); 26 } 27 else if(!strcmp(argv[1], "recursive")){ 28 pthread_mutexattr_settype(&mutexattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE); 29 } 30 31 pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, &mutexattr); 32 if(pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) != 0){ 33 printf("lock failure\n"); 34 } 35 else{ 36 printf("lock success\n"); 37 } 38 39 if(pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) != 0){ 40 printf("lock failure\n"); 41 } 42 else{ 43 printf("lock success\n"); 44 } 45 46 pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); 47 pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); 48 49 pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&mutexattr); 50 pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex); 51 52 return 0; 53 }
编译运行:
40.3 读写锁
40.3.1 读写锁介绍
- 线程使用互斥锁缺乏读并发性
- 当读操作较多,写操作较少时,可用读写锁提高线程读并发性
- 读写锁数据类型:pthread_rwlock_t
40.3.2 读写锁创建和销毁
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 int phtread_rwlock_init(pthread_rwlock_t *restrict rwlock, const pthread_rwlockattr_t *restrict attr); 3 int pthread_rwlock_destroy(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
- 函数参数:
- rwlock:读写锁
- attr:读写锁属性
- 返回值:成功返回0,出错返回错误编号
40.3.3 读写锁的加锁和解锁
1 #include <pthread.h> 2 /** 加读锁 */ 3 int pthread_rwlock_rdlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock); 4 /** 加写锁 */ 5 int pthread_rwlock_wrlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock); 6 /** 释放锁 */ 7 int pthread_rwlock_unlock(pthread_rwlock_t *rwlock);
- 函数参数:rwlock:读写锁
- 返回值:成功返回 0;出错,返回错误编号
40.3.4 读写锁特性例子
1 #include <stdio.h> 2 #include <stdlib.h> 3 #include <pthread.h> 4 #include <string.h> 5 6 /** 定义读写锁 */ 7 pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; 8 9 10 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) 11 { 12 if(argc < 3){ 13 printf("-usage:%s [r | w] [r | w]\n", argv[0]); 14 exit(1); 15 } 16 17 /** 读写锁初始化 */ 18 pthread_rwlock_init(&rwlock, NULL); 19 if(!strcmp("r", argv[1])){ 20 /** 加读锁 */ 21 if(pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock) != 0){ 22 printf("first read lock failure\n"); 23 } 24 else { 25 printf("first read lock success\n"); 26 } 27 } 28 else if(!strcmp("w", argv[1])){ 29 /** 加写锁 */ 30 if(pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock) != 0){ 31 printf("first write lock failure\n"); 32 } 33 else { 34 printf("firest write lock success\n"); 35 } 36 } 37 38 if(!strcmp("r", argv[2])){ 39 /** 加读锁 */ 40 if(pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&rwlock) != 0){ 41 printf("second read lock failure\n"); 42 } 43 else { 44 printf("second read lock success\n"); 45 } 46 } 47 else if(!strcmp("w", argv[2])){ 48 /** 加写锁 */ 49 if(pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&rwlock) != 0){ 50 printf("first write lock failure\n"); 51 } 52 else { 53 printf("firest write lock success\n"); 54 } 55 } 56 57 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); 58 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&rwlock); 59 60 pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock); 61 62 return 0; 63 }
编译运行结果如下:
由运行结果可以知道,当都上读锁的时候,都可以上锁成功;先上读锁,再上写锁,写锁会阻塞;先上写锁后,不管是上读锁还是上写锁,都会失败。
- 读写锁特性:
- 读和读:不排斥
- 读和写:排斥
- 写和写:排斥
40.3.5 银行例子修改
atm_account.h
1 #ifndef __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ 2 #define __ATM_ACCOUNT_H__ 3 4 #include <math.h> 5 #include <malloc.h> 6 #include <stdlib.h> 7 #include <stdio.h> 8 #include <string.h> 9 #include <unistd.h> 10 #include <pthread.h> 11 12 /** 账户信息 */ 13 typedef struct { 14 int code; ///< 银行账户的编码 15 double balance; ///< 账户余额 16 17 /** 建议互斥锁用来锁定一个账户(共享资源),和账户绑定再一起, 18 * 尽量不设置成全局变量,否则可能出现一把锁去锁几百个账户,导致并发性能降低 */ 19 //pthread_mutex_t mutex; ///< 定义一把互斥锁,用来对多线程操作的银行账户(共享资源)进行加锁 20 21 pthread_rwlock_t rwlock; ///<定义读写锁 22 }atm_Account; 23 24 /** 创建账户 */ 25 extern atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance); 26 /** 销毁账户 */ 27 extern void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account); 28 /** 取款 */ 29 extern double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt); 30 /** 存款 */ 31 extern double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt); 32 /** 查看账户余额 */ 33 extern double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account); 34 35 #endif
atm_count.c
1 #include "atm_account.h" 2 3 /** 创建账户 */ 4 atm_Account *atm_account_Create(int code, double balance) 5 { 6 atm_Account *account = (atm_Account *)malloc(sizeof(atm_Account)); 7 if(NULL == account) { 8 return NULL; 9 } 10 11 account->code = code; 12 account->balance = balance; 13 14 /** 对互斥锁进行初始化 */ 15 //pthread_mutex_init(&account->mutex, NULL); 16 17 /** 初始化读写锁 */ 18 pthread_rwlock_init(&account->rwlock, NULL); 19 20 return account; 21 } 22 23 /** 销毁账户 */ 24 void atm_account_Destroy(atm_Account *account) 25 { 26 if(NULL == account){ 27 return ; 28 } 29 30 //pthread_mutex_destroy(&account->mutex); 31 pthread_rwlock_destroy(&account->rwlock); ///< 销毁读写锁 32 free(account); 33 } 34 35 /** 取款: 成功,则返回取款金额 */ 36 double atm_account_Withdraw(atm_Account *account, double amt) 37 { 38 if(NULL == account) { 39 return 0.0; 40 } 41 42 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 43 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 44 pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 加写锁 45 46 if(amt < 0 || amt > account->balance) { 47 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 48 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁 49 return 0.0; 50 } 51 52 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 53 sleep(1); 54 balance_tmp -= amt; 55 account->balance = balance_tmp; 56 57 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 58 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁 59 return amt; 60 } 61 62 /** 存款: 返回存款的金额 */ 63 double atm_account_Desposit(atm_Account *account, double amt) 64 { 65 if(NULL == account){ 66 return 0.0; 67 } 68 69 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 70 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 71 pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 加写锁 72 73 if(amt < 0){ 74 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 75 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁 76 return 0.0; 77 } 78 79 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 80 sleep(1); 81 balance_tmp += amt; 82 account->balance = balance_tmp; 83 84 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 85 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁 86 return amt; 87 } 88 89 /** 查看账户余额 */ 90 double atm_account_BalanceGet(atm_Account *account) 91 { 92 if(NULL == account){ 93 return 0.0; 94 } 95 96 /** 对共享资源(账户进行加锁) */ 97 //pthread_mutex_lock(&account->mutex); 98 pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 上读锁 99 100 double balance_tmp = account->balance; 101 //pthread_mutex_unlock(&account->mutex); 102 pthread_rwlock_unlock(&account->rwlock); ///< 释放写锁 103 104 return balance_tmp; 105 }
编译运行: