从一个简单的问题谈起:
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript" style="font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220); width: 936.53125px; overflow: auto; padding-top: 1px; margin: 18px 0px !important;"><div class="bar" style="padding-left: 45px;"><div class="tools" style="padding: 3px 8px 10px 10px; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: silver; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108);"><strong>[javascript]</strong> <a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_plain.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">view plain</a><a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_copy.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 451px; top: 524px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"></div></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c" style="padding: 0px; border: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 0px 0px 1px 45px !important;"><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"><script type=</span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"text/javascript"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> alert(i); <span class="comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 0); background-color: inherit;">// ?</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); background-color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">var</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> i = 1; </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"></script> </span></li></ol></div>
输出结果是undefined, 这种现象被称成“预解析”:JavaScript引擎会优先解析var变量和function定义。在预解析完成后,才会执行代码。如果一个文档流中包含多个script代码段(用script标签分隔的js代码或引入的js文件),运行顺序是:
step1. 读入第一个代码段
step2. 做语法分析,有错则报语法错误(比如括号不匹配等),并跳转到step5
step3. 对var变量和function定义做“预解析”(永远不会报错的,因为只解析正确的声明)
step4. 执行代码段,有错则报错(比如变量未定义)
step5. 如果还有下一个代码段,则读入下一个代码段,重复step2
step6. 结束
</pre><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; font-family: 宋体, 'Arial Narrow', arial, serif; line-height: 21px;">上面的分析,已经能解释很多问题了,但老觉得欠缺点什么。比如step3里,“预解析”究竟是怎么回事?还有step4里,看下面的例子:</p><pre class="code" name="code" style="white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript" style="font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220); width: 936.53125px; overflow: auto; padding-top: 1px; margin: 18px 0px !important;"><div class="bar" style="padding-left: 45px;"><div class="tools" style="padding: 3px 8px 10px 10px; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: silver; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108);"><strong>[javascript]</strong> <a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_plain.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">view plain</a><a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_copy.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 451px; top: 952px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"></div></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c" style="padding: 0px; border: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 0px 0px 1px 45px !important;"><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"><script type=</span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"text/javascript"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> alert(i); <span class="comment" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 130, 0); background-color: inherit;">// error: i is not defined.</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> i = 1; </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"></script> </span></li></ol></div>
为什么第一句会导致错误?JavaScript中,变量不是可以不定义吗?
编译过程
时间如白马过隙,书柜旁翻开恍如隔世般的《编译原理》,熟悉而又陌生的空白处有着这样的笔记:
对于传统编译型语言来说,编译步骤分为:词法分析、语法分析、语义检查、代码优化和字节生成。
但对于解释型语言来说,通过词法分析和语法分析得到语法树后,就可以开始解释执行了。
简单地说,词法分析是将字符流(char stream)转换为记号流(token stream), 比如将c = a - b;转换为:
NAME "c"
EQUALS
NAME "a"
MINUS
NAME "b"
SEMICOLON
上面只是示例,更进一步的了解请查看 Lexical Analysis.
《JavaScript权威指南》的第2章,讲的就是词法结构(Lexical Structure),ECMA-262 中也有描述。词法结构是一门语言的基础,很容易掌握。至于词法分析的实现那是另一个研究领域,在此不探究。
可以拿自然语言来类比,词法分析是一对一的硬性翻译,比如一段英文,逐词翻译成中文,得到的是一堆记号流,还很难理解。进一步的翻译,就需要语法分析了,下图是一个条件语句的语法树:
构造语法树的时候,如果发现无法构造,比如if(a { i = 2; }, 就会报语法错误,并结束整个代码块的解析,这就是本文开头部分的step2.
通过语法分析,构造出语法树后,翻译出来的句子可能还会有模糊不清的地方,接下来还需要进一步的语义检查。对于传统强类型语言来说,语义检查的主要部分是类型检查,比如函数的实参和形参类型是否匹配。对于弱类型语言来说,这一步可能没有(精力有限,没时间去看JS的引擎实现,不敢确定JS引擎中是否有语义检查这一步)。
通过上面的分析可以看出,对于JavaScript引擎来说,肯定有词法分析和语法分析,之后可能还有语义检查、代码优化等步骤,等这些编译步骤完成之后(任何语言都有编译过程,只是解释型语言没有编译成二进制代码),才会开始执行代码。
上面的编译过程,还是无法更深入的解释文章开头部分的“预解析”,我们还得仔细探究下JavaScript代码的执行过程。
执行过程
周爱民在《JavaScript语言精髓与编程实践》的第二部分,对此有非常仔细的分析。下面是我的一些领悟:
通过编译,JavaScript代码已经翻译成了语法树,然后会立刻按照语法树执行。
进一步的执行过程,需要理解JavaScript的作用域机制,JavaScript采用的是词法作用域(lexcical scope)。通俗地讲,就是JavaScript变量的作用域是在定义时决定而不是执行时决定,也就是说词法作用域取决于源码,编译器通过静态分析就能确定,因此词法作用域也叫做静态作用域(static scope)。但需要注意,with和eval的语义无法仅通过静态技术实现,实际上,只能说JS的作用域机制非常接近lexical scope.
JS引擎在执行每个函数实例时,都会创建一个执行环境(execution context)。execution context中包含一个调用对象(call object), 调用对象是一个scriptObject结构,用来保存内部变量表varDecls、内嵌函数表funDecls、父级引用列表upvalue等语法分析结构(注意:varDecls和funDecls等信息是在语法分析阶段就已经得到,并保存在语法树中。函数实例执行时,会将这些信息从语法树复制到scriptObject上)。scriptObject是与函数相关的一套静态系统,与函数实例的生命周期保持一致。
lexical scope是JS的作用域机制,还需要理解它的实现方法,这就是作用域链(scope chain)。scope chain是一个name lookup机制,首先在当前执行环境的scriptObject中寻找,没找到,则顺着upvalue到父级scriptObject中寻找,一直lookup到全局调用对象(global object)。e则在执行期动态保存这些变量表及其运行值。closure的生命周期有可能比函数实例长。函数实例在活动引用为空后会自动销毁,closure则要等要数据引用为空后,由JS引擎回收(有些情况下不会自动回收,就导致了内存泄漏)。
别被上面的一堆名词吓住,一旦理解了执行环境、调用对象、闭包、词法作用域、作用域链这些概念,JS语言的很多现象都能迎刃而解。
小结
至此,对于文章开头部分的疑问,可以解释得很清楚了:
step3中所谓的“预解析”,其实是在step2的语法分析阶段完成,并存储在语法树中。当执行到函数实例时,会将varDelcs和funcDecls从语法树中复制到执行环境的scriptObject上。
step4中,未定义变量意味着在scriptObject的变量表中找不到,JS引擎会沿着scriptObject的upvalue往上寻找,如果都没找到,对于写操作i = 1; 最后就会等价为 window.i = 1; 给window对象新增了一个属性。对于读操作,如果一直追溯到全局执行环境的scriptObject上都找不到,就会产生运行期错误。
理解后,雾散花开,天空一片晴朗。
最后,留个问题给大家:
<div class="dp-highlighter bg_javascript" style="font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', Courier, mono, serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(231, 229, 220); width: 936.53125px; overflow: auto; padding-top: 1px; margin: 18px 0px !important;"><div class="bar" style="padding-left: 45px;"><div class="tools" style="padding: 3px 8px 10px 10px; font-size: 9px; line-height: normal; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: silver; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-left-width: 3px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108);"><strong>[javascript]</strong> <a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="ViewSource" title="view plain" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_plain.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">view plain</a><a target=_blank href="http://blog.csdn.net/yhawaii/article/details/7221568#" class="CopyToClipboard" title="copy" style="color: rgb(160, 160, 160); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(http://static.blog.csdn.net/scripts/SyntaxHighlighter/styles/images/default/ico_copy.gif); background-color: inherit; border: none; padding: 1px; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px; font-size: 9px; display: inline-block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -2000px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat;">copy</a><div style="position: absolute; left: 451px; top: 2454px; width: 18px; height: 18px; z-index: 99;"></div></div></div><ol start="1" class="dp-c" style="padding: 0px; border: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(92, 92, 92); margin: 0px 0px 1px 45px !important;"><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"><script type=</span><span class="string" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: blue; background-color: inherit;">"text/javascript"</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;">> </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); background-color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">var</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> arg = 1; </span></span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); background-color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">function</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> foo(arg) { </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> alert(arg); </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> <span class="keyword" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: rgb(0, 102, 153); background-color: inherit; font-weight: bold;">var</span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; background-color: inherit;"> arg = 2; </span></span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> } </span></li><li class="alt" style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; color: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"> foo(3); </span></li><li style="border-style: none none none solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(108, 226, 108); list-style: decimal-leading-zero outside; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); line-height: 18px; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px 3px 0px 10px !important;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: none; color: black; background-color: inherit;"></script> </span></li></ol></div>
请问alert的输出是什么?
当一个函数实例执行时,会创建或关联到一个闭包(closure)。 scriptObject用来静态保存与函数相关的变量表,closure