MySQL 数据库SQL语句——高阶版本
实验准备,数据表配置
mysql -uroot -p
show databases; create database train_ticket;
use train_ticket;
create table REGION(region varchar(10),site varchar(20));
create table FARE(site varchar(20),money int(10),date varchar(15)); desc REGION;
desc FARE; insert into REGION values ('south','changsha');
insert into REGION values ('south','nanchang');
insert into REGION values ('north','beijing');
insert into REGION values ('north','tianjin'); insert into FARE values ('changsha',1000,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('nanchang',700,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('beijing',1500,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('tianjin',1200,'2021-01-30');
insert into FARE values ('beijing',2200,'2021-02-05'); select * from REGION;
select * from FARE;
MySQL 高阶SQL 语句
1、select
select region from REGION;
2、DISTINCT
不显示重复的资料(去重)
select distinct region from REGION;
3、WHERE
有条件查询
select site from FARE where money > 1000;
select site from FARE where money < 1000;
select site from FARE where money = 1000;
4、AND、OR
and(并且)、or(或者)
select site from FARE where money > 1000 and (money < 1500);
select site,money from FARE where money < 500 or (money < 1500 and money >= 700);
select site,money,date from FARE where money >= 500 and (date < '2021-02-05' and money < 1000);
5、IN
显示已知的值的资料
select site,money from FARE where money in (700,1000);
6、BETWEEN
显示两个值范围内的资料
select * from FARE where money between 500 and 1000;
7、通配符、LIKE
通常通配符都是跟LIKE一起使用
%:百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符
LIKE:用于匹配模式来查找资料
select * from FARE where site like 'be%';
select site,money from FARE where site like '%jin_';
8、ORDER BY
按关键字排序
select * from FARE order by money desc;
select date,money from FARE order by money desc;
函数:
1、数字函数:
abs (x) |
返回 x 的绝对值 |
rand() |
返回0到1的随机数 |
mod(x, Y) |
返回x除以y以后的余数 |
power(x, y) |
返回 x 的y次方 |
round (x) |
返回离 x 最近的整数 |
round (x, y) |
保留x的y位小数四舍五入后的值 |
sqrt(x) |
返回 x 的平方根 |
truncate (x, y) |
返回数字 x 截断为 y 位小数的值 |
ceil(x) |
返回大于或等于 x 的最小整数 |
floor(x) |
返回小于或等于 x 的最大整数 |
greatest (x1,x2...) |
返回集合中最大的值 |
least (x1,x2...) |
返回集合中最小的值 |
select abs(-1),rand(),mod(5,3),power(2,3),round (1.579),round(1.734,2);
select sqrt(9),truncate(1.234,2),ceil(1.2),floor(1.9),greatest(1,2,3,4),least(1,2,3,4);
2、聚合函数:
avg() |
返回指定列的平均值 |
count () |
返回指定列中非NULL值的个数,统计行数,0字符的行数也会统计 |
min() |
返回指定列的最小值 |
max() |
返回指定列的最大值 |
Sum(x) |
返回指定列的所有值之和 |
select avg(money) from FARE;
select count(money) from FARE;
select min(money) from FARE;
select max(money) from FARE;
select sum(money) from FARE;
#count(*)包括所有列的行数,在统计结果时,不好忽略值为null
#count(字段)只包括那一行的列数,在统计结果的时候,会忽略列值为null的值
3、字符串函数:
trim() |
返回去除指定格式的值 |
concat (x, y) |
将提供的参数 x 和 y 拼接成一个字符串 |
substr(x, y) |
获取从字符串 x 中的第 y 个位置开始的字符串,跟substring()函数作用相同 |
substr(x, y, z) |
获取从字符串x中的第y个位置开始长度为z的字符串 |
length (x) |
返回字符串x的长度 |
replace(x, y, z) |
将字符串 z 替代字符串 x 中的字符串 y |
upper(x) |
将字符串 x 的所有字母变成大写字母 |
lower(x) |
将字符串 x 的所有字母变成小写字母 |
left(x,y) |
返回字符串 x 的前 y 个字符 |
right (x,y) |
返回字符串 x 的后 y 个字符 |
repeat (x, y) |
将字符串 x 重复 y 次 |
Space(x) |
返回 x个空格 |
strcmp (x, y) |
比较 x 和 y,返回的值可以为-1、0、1(x大,一样大,y大) |
reverse (x) |
将字符串 x 反转 |
SELECT TRIM ([ [位置] [要移除的字符串] FROM ] 字符串);
#[位置]:的值可以为 LEADING (起头), TRAILING (结尾), BOTH (起头及结尾)。
#[要移除的字符串]:从字串的起头、结尾,或起头及结尾移除的字符串。缺省时为空格。
select trim(leading 'na' from 'nanchang');
select trim(trailing '--' from 'nanchang--');
select trim(both '--' from '--nanchang--'); select concat(region,site) from REGION where region = 'south';
select concat(region,' ',site) from REGION where region = 'south'; select substr(money,1,2) from FARE; select length(site) from FARE; select replace(site,'ji','--') from FARE; select upper(site) from FARE; select lower('HAHAHA'); select left(site,2) from FARE; select right(site,3) from FARE; select repeat(site,2) from FARE; select space(2); select strcmp(100,200); select reverse(site) from FARE;
4、|| 连接符:
如果sql_mode开启开启了PIPES_AS_CONCAT,"||"视为字符串的连接操作符而非或运算符,和字符串的拼接函数Concat相类似,这和Oracle数据库使用方法一样的
mysql -uroot -p
use train_ticket; select region || ' ' || site from REGION where region = 'north';
select site || ' ' || money || ' ' || date from FARE;
5、GROUP BY :
语法:SELECT 字段1,SUM(字段2) FROM 表名 GROUP BY 字段1;
select site,sum(money) from FARE group by site;
select site,sum(money),date from FARE group by site order by money desc;
select site,count(money),sum(money),date from FARE group by site order by money desc;
6、HAVING :
用来过滤由GROUP BY语句返回的记录集,通常与GROUP BY语句联合使用。
语法:SELECT 字段1,SUM(字段2) FROM 表名 GROUP BY 字段1 HAVING(函数条件);
select site,count(money),sum(money),date from FARE group by site having sum(money) >=700;
7、别名 :
select RE.region AS reg, count(site) from REGION AS RE group by reg;
select FA.site AS si,sum(money),count(money),date AS da from FARE AS FA group by si;
8、子查询 :
连接表格,在WHERE 子句或HAVING 子句中插入另一个SQL 语句
可以是符号的运算符 例:=、>、<、>=、<=
也可以是文字的运算符 例:LIKE、IN、BETWEEN
select A.site,region from REGION AS A where A.site in(select B.site from FARE AS B where money<2000);
select B.site,money,date from FARE AS B where site in(select A.site from REGION AS A where region = 'north');