MySQL大数据表水平分区优化的详细步骤

将运行中的大表修改为分区表

本文章代码仅限于以数据时间按月水平分区，其他需求可自行修改代码实现

1. 创建一张分区表

这张表的表字段和原表的字段一摸一样，附带分区

CREATE TABLE `metric_data_tmp`  (
    id bigint primary key auto_increment,
    metric varchar(128),
    datadt datetime not null unqine,
    value decimal(30, 6)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=0 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
partition by range (to_days(DATADT)) (
    PARTITION p201811 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days("2018-12-01")),
    PARTITION p201812 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days("2019-01-01")),
    PARTITION p201901 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days("2019-02-01")),
    PARTITION p201902 VALUES LESS THAN (to_days("2019-03-01")),
);

2. 将原表数据复制到临时表

• 直接通过insert语句

insert into metric_data_tmp select * from metric_data;

• 数据量非常大，可使用select into outfile, Load data file方式导出导入

SELECT * INTO OUTFILE 'data.txt' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' FROM metric_data;
LOAD DATA INFILE 'data.txt' INTO TABLE metric_data_tmp FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',';

3. 重命名分区表和历史表：

rename table metric_data to metric_data_bak;
rename table metric_data_tmp to metric_data;

4. 通过数据库的定时任务定时自动创建下月的分区

• 存储过程

delimiter $$
use `db_orbit`$$
drop procedure if exists `create_partition_by_month`$$
create procedure `create_partition_by_month`(in_schemaname varchar(64), in_tablename varchar(64))
begin
    # 用于判断需要创建的表分区是否已经存在
    declare rows_cnt int unsigned;
    # 要创建表分区的时间
    declare target_date timestamp;
    #分区的名称，格式为p201811
    declare partition_name varchar(8);

    #要创建的分区时间为下个月
    set target_date = date_add(now(), interval 1 month);
    set partition_name = date_format( target_date, 'p%Y%m' );

    # 判断要创建的分区是否存在
    select count(1) into rows_cnt from information_schema.partitions t where table_schema = in_schemaname and table_name = in_tablename and ifnull(t.partition_name, '') = partition_name;
    if rows_cnt = 0 then
        set @sql = concat(
            'alter table `',
            in_schemaname,
            '`.`',
            in_tablename,
            '`',
            ' add partition (partition ',
            partition_name,
            " values less than (to_days('",
            date_format(DATE_ADD(target_date, INTERVAL 1 month), '%Y-%m-01'),
            "')) engine = innodb);"
        );
        prepare stmt from @sql;
        execute stmt;
        deallocate prepare stmt;
     else
       select concat("partition `", partition_name, "` for table `",in_schemaname, ".", in_tablename, "` already exists") as result;
     end if;
end$$
delimiter ;

• 创建定时任务，定时执行存储过程创建分区

DELIMITER $$
#该表所在的数据库名称
USE `db_orbit`$$
CREATE EVENT IF NOT EXISTS `generate_partition_for_metric_data`
ON SCHEDULE EVERY 1 MONTH   #执行周期，还有天、月等等
STARTS '2019-03-15 00:00:00'
ON COMPLETION PRESERVE
ENABLE
COMMENT 'Creating partitions'
DO BEGIN
    #调用刚才创建的存储过程，第一个参数是数据库名称，第二个参数是表名称
    CALL db_orbit.create_partition_by_month('db_orbit', 'metric_data');
END$$
DELIMITER ;

5.其他

• 查看表分区情况的SQL

select
    partition_name part,
    partition_expression expr,
    partition_description descr,
    table_rows
from information_schema.partitions where table_name='metric_data';