16-UIKit(AutoLayout、Animation)

时间:2022-07-26 13:14:03

目录:

一、AutoLayout自动布局

二、动画(Animation)

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一、AutoLayout自动布局

1.什么是AutoLayout

从ios6开始引入的新技术,是新版的自动布局技术

2.基本原理

通过对视图中所有子视图添加各种约束的方式实现布局,约束是一种规则,保存在父视图中,约束(constraint)类似于:

此子视图相对父视图的左边一定20个点

此子视图相对父视图的上边一定20个点

此子视图宽100个点,高30个点。

3.使用AutoLayout

[MX1-AutoLayout]按住ctrl向上下左右托

4.约束的颜色:

4.1设置约束两大原则

1>描述清晰

2>互不冲突

4.2颜色的含义

橘黄色:描述不清楚

蓝色:满足两大原则

红色:冲突

5.各种约束

1>对齐的约束

2>间距的约束(双击线条可以修改间距)

3>大小的约束(宽高)

4>最佳大小

一些常用控件(或视图),拥有最佳大小属性,所以即使不添加宽高的约束,也满足两大原则,如UIButton,UILabel,UIStepper,但如果控件没有最佳大小属性,那么在自动布局中就需要设置宽高(托自己),否则无法满足两大原则中的描述清晰原则,如UIImageView

5>参考其他控件(托到其他控件)

练习:[MX2]

[MX3]两个按钮在屏幕的上方,左按钮离屏幕左10个点,右按钮离屏幕右10个点,两个按钮间10个点,两个按钮等宽,水平对齐,离状态栏10个点

developer.apple.com

wwdc2013 session 406 AutoLayout

6.用代码方法实现自动布局

[MX4-AutoLayout-Code]

6.1万能公式

view1.attr1 = view2.attr2 * multiplier + constant

如:button.top = self.view.top * 1 + 10

- (void)viewDidLoad
{ [super viewDidLoad]; // button布局约束 UIButton *button = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem]; [button setBackgroundColor:[UIColor greenColor]]; CGRect frame = CGRectMake(, , , ); button.frame = frame; // 1.先加入到父视图 [self.view addSubview:button]; // AutoLayout代码应该写在此处,2.在设置约束 // view1.attr1 = view2.attr2 * multiplier + constant // button.top = self.view.top * 1 + 10 NSLayoutConstraint *topMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeTop multiplier: constant:]; // button.right = self.view.top * 1 - 10 NSLayoutConstraint *rightMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight multiplier: constant:-]; // button.width = nil + 100; NSLayoutConstraint *widthMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeWidth relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeWidth multiplier: constant:]; // button.height = nil = 50; NSLayoutConstraint *heithtMargin = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:button attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight multiplier: constant:]; NSArray *constraints = @[topMargin,rightMargin,widthMargin,heithtMargin]; [self.view addConstraints:constraints]; // 解决AutoLayout和AutoResizing之间的冲突,将Autoresizing自动翻译成AutoLayout约束的动作取消 self.view.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; button.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO; } -(void)viewDidLayoutSubviews{ // 这儿的代码是纯代码布局时使用,只用来改变子视图的frame // 不能在此写AutoLayout布局代码 }

6.2VFL(Visual Format Language)

利用以下方法创建多个约束

+ (NSArray *)constraintsWithVisualFormat:(NSString *)format options:(NSLayoutFormatOptions)opts metrics:(NSDictionary *)metrics views:(NSDictionary *)views;

格式化字符串:

|-20-[button1]-10-[button2(==button1)]-10-[button3(==button1)]-20-|  水平方向

V:|-20-[button1]  垂直方向

[MX5-VFL]

- (void)viewDidLoad

{

    [super viewDidLoad];

    UIButton *button1 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem];

    [button1 setTitle:@"button1" forState:UIControlStateNormal];

    button1.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor];

    [self.view addSubview:button1];

    UIButton *button2 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem];

    [button2 setTitle:@"button2" forState:UIControlStateNormal];

    button2.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor];

    [self.view addSubview:button2];

    UIButton *button3 = [UIButton buttonWithType:UIButtonTypeSystem];

    [button3 setTitle:@"button3" forState:UIControlStateNormal];

    button3.backgroundColor = [UIColor grayColor];

    [self.view addSubview:button3];

    // 关掉Autoresizing

    button1.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;

    button2.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;

    button3.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;

    // 创建多个约束

    NSString *formatString = @"|-10-[btn1]-10-[btn2(==btn1)]-10-[btn3(==btn1)]-10-|";// 水平方向

    NSDictionary *views = @{@"btn1" : button1, @"btn2" : button2, @"btn3" : button3};

    NSArray *constranints = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:formatString options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllCenterY metrics:nil views:views];

    [self.view addConstraints:constranints];

    formatString = @"V:|-20-[btn1]";// 垂直方向

    constranints = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintsWithVisualFormat:formatString options:NSLayoutFormatAlignAllCenterY metrics:nil views:views];

    [self.view addConstraints:constranints];

}

7.自动布局总结

1>代码自动布局尽量避免

2>使用自动布局时,尽量在程序中不要直接改变被自动布局的视图的frame

3>当控件或子视图非常多时,自动布局会发挥更大的作用

4>如果使用transform,就无法使用自动布局

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二、动画(Animation)

1.概念:把一些静态的图片快速切换就会形成动画,每一张静态的图片叫一帧,如果25~30帧/秒,人眼就无法识别帧间切换,感觉起来就是动画了。

cocos2D-X 1/60 FPS帧率(一帧需要多少秒来播放)

2.ios动画

可以用多种方式实现,一种最简单的方式:

UIImage类,animatedImageNamed:duration:

一般用做非常简单,图片比较小,动画过程比较固定的动画

[MX6-Animation-UIImage]

- (void)viewDidLoad
{
[super viewDidLoad]; self.imageView.image = [UIImage animatedImageNamed:@"ship-anim" duration:1.0/ * ];
}

3.NSTimer定时器

在指定的时间内向指定对象发送指定的方法,可以设置重复

[mx7-NSTimer]

- (IBAction)connect:(UIBarButtonItem *)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:0.3 target:self selector:@selector(titleChange:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
}
-(void)titleChange:(id)sender{
if (self.count == ) {
self.title = @"连接中.";
}else if(self.count == ){
self.title = @"连接中..";
}else if(self.count == ){
self.title = @"连接中...";
}else if(self.count == ){
self.title = @"连接中....";
}else if(self.count == ){
self.title = @"连接中.....";
}else if(self.count == ){
self.title = @"连接中......";
} self.count++;
self.count %= ;
}

4.NSTimer制作动画

4.1匀速动画

在指定时间点向控制对象发消息,从而改变对象的 具体属性.frame .bounds .center .transform .alpha

[MX8- Animation-Timer]

匀速动画

当前值  = 开始值 + 当前帧数 * (目标值 - 开始值) / (帧率 * 动画时长)

- (IBAction)fadeIn:(UIButton *)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0 / FPS target:self selector:@selector(fadeInAnimate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; }
-(void)fadeInAnimate:(NSTimer *)sender{
// 结果值 = 开始值 + 当前帧序数 * (结束值 - 开始值)/(帧率 * 动画时长)
self.times++;
self.imageView.alpha = + self.times * (1.0 - )/(FPS * );
if (self.times >= FPS * ) {
[sender invalidate];
self.times = ;
}
NSLog(@"%d",self.times);
}
- (IBAction)fadeOut:(UIButton *)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:1.0 / FPS target:self selector:@selector(fadeOutAnimate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES];
}
-(void)fadeOutAnimate:(NSTimer *)sender{
self.times--;
self.imageView.alpha = 1.0 - self.times * ( - 1.0)/(FPS * );
NSLog(@"%d",self.times);
if (self.times <= -FPS * ) {
[sender invalidate];
self.times = ;
}
}

4.2渐变动画

变速动画

当前值 = 上一次的值 + (目标值 - 上次值) * 渐近因子

- (void)viewDidLoad
{
[super viewDidLoad];
self.startY = self.playView.center.y;
}
- (IBAction)start:(UIButton *)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:/FPS target:self selector:@selector(animate:) userInfo:nil repeats:YES]; } -(void)animate:(NSTimer *)sender{
// 匀速动画
// 当前值 = 开始值 + 当前帧数 * (结束值 - 开始值) / (帧率 * 动画时长)
self.count++;
CGPoint center = self.playView.center;
center.y = self.startY + self.count * ( - self.startY) * 0.01;
self.playView.center = center;
if (self.playView.center.y <= ) {
[sender invalidate];
} } - (IBAction)start2:(id)sender {
[NSTimer scheduledTimerWithTimeInterval:/FPS target:self selector:@selector(animate2:) userInfo:Nil repeats:YES];
}
-(void)animate2:(NSTimer *)sender{
// 变速动画
// 当前值 = 上次值 + (结束值 - 上次值) * 渐进因子
CGPoint center = self.playView.center;
center.y = center.y + ( - center.y) * 0.1;
self.playView.center = center;
if (self.playView.center.y <= ) {
[sender invalidate];
}
}