TPO 03 - Architecture
Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that【主语是Architecture 】 organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes.【建筑为了实用性和象征性的目的，也是一种科学与艺术】 Because architecture grows out of【grow out of 源自】 human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values 【主句在后面，即建筑传递的文化价值观】. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways. 【建筑可以直接的影响我们的生活】【段落：介绍了啥是建筑学】
Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. 【建筑学是一种三维的形式，要协调好各种元素】Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. 【建筑可以提高生活品质，而且可以提供灵感】 Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. 【建筑对人类的好处】 The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre 【mediocre adj. 普通的；平凡的；中等的】 design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects. 【用户和设计师都对平庸的建筑有责任，用户付了钱而且提出了需要的功能】 【段落：好的建筑不是一件容易的事，有平庸的也有提供灵感的，但是他们都有存在的价值】
In order for 【In order for 为了】 the structure to achieve the size and strength 【which/that 指的是size and strength】necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs 【employ 雇佣，采用】 methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, 【接着that，指的是 the methods of support】have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. 【一些方法用了很久了，只是因为可以满足要求，与材料没太大的关系】The world’s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to 【in relation to 关于】 the objective limitations of materials. 【与上一句形成对比，有些建筑结构是和材料有关的】Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure. 【阐述建筑结构能够被分析的】【段落：讲了一些建筑材料的事情】
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. 【建筑领域中的进步离不开科技的进步】Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures.【材料和建筑方法是建筑设计的一部分】 In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. 【早些时候，主要是建筑适应材料】Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. 【现在，放过来了，可以发明新材料来适应新的结构】 Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. 【科技的进步使得方便/快速/少材料的填充成为可能】 Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago. 【这一进步可以在过去与现在的建筑物重量上得到体现】【段落：科技进步对现在的影响】
Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. 【段落：现在的建筑形式类似人体的结构】
Much of the world’s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world’s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. 【杰出的建筑物都是用石头做出来的，然后还举了一个城市的例子】The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. 【用厚厚的石梁来做门道和窗户】A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. 【在石头的物理限制被克服以及新的建筑形式被创建之前，需要一个结构上的发明】That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. 【它就是拱，用独立的石头或者砖块做成】The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. 【刚开始是用来地下排水，后来被罗马人改进并且大规模用于地上结构】Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. 【又一次阐述上一句话】As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. 【更能承重】It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, 【转移重量到两边】 where the weight is borne【bear borne 忍受】 by the vertical elements on either side of the arch.【两边的重量被垂直的东西承担】 The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.【拱是一个突破】