Mysql中自增字段(AUTO_INCREMENT)的一些常识在系统开发过程中,我们经常要用到唯一编号。使用过mysql的人都应该知道,mysql有一个定义列为自增的属性:AUTO_INCREMENT。指定了AUTO_INCREMENT的列必须要建索引,不然会报错,索引可以为主键索引,当然也可以为非主键索引。(不一定要做主键)mysql> create table t4 (id int auto_increment);ERROR 1075 (42000): Incorrect table definition; there can be only one auto column and it must be defined as a keymysql>下面的定义把t5表的主键定义为了name,而非自增的id字段mysql> mysql> create table t5 (id int auto_increment,name varchar(20) primary key,key(id)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)指定了auto_increment的列,在插入时:如果把一个NULL插入到一个AUTO_INCREMENT数据列里去,MySQL将自动生成下一个序列编号。编号从1开始,并1为基数递增。当插入记录时,没有为AUTO_INCREMENT明确指定值,则等同插入NULL值。mysql> insert into t5 (id,name) values (null,'test');Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from t5;+----+------+| id | name |+----+------+| 2 | test |+----+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)上面语句等同于下面语句:mysql> insert into t5 (name) values ('test');当插入记录时,如果为AUTO_INCREMENT字段明确指定了一个数值,则会出现两种情况: 情况一,如果插入的值与已有的编号重复,则会出现出 错信息,因为AUTO_INCREMENT数据列的值必须是唯一的; 情况二,如果插入的值大于已编号的值,则会把该插入到数据列中,并使在下一个编号将从这个新值开始递增。## 初始表mysql> show create table t2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ## 插入数据mysql> insert into t2 values (null),(null),(null); Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec) ## auto_increment变成4mysql> show create table t2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 ## 插入7mysql> insert into t2 values (7);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) ## auto_increment变成8mysql> show create table t2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8换句话说,就是自增字段可以跳过一些编号。对于MyISAM表,如果用UPDATE命令更新自增列,如果列值与已有的值重复,则会出错。如果大于已有值,则下一个编号从该值开始递增。但是对于innodb表,update auto_increment字段,会导致发生报错MyISAM表的update如下所示## 当前状态mysql> show create table t2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec) ## 将id=7的数据update为10mysql> update t2 set id=10 where id=7;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 ## 最新的auto_increment变为11mysql> show create table t2\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t2Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=11 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)Innodb表的update操作如下所示(可以看到在update前后,表定义语句没有变化),接着执行insert会导致主键错误!mysql> show create table t3\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t3Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec) ## updae更新操作mysql> update t3 set id=10 where id=7;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.27 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table t3\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t3Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=8 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)Innodb表继续插入会导致报错,但是只会报错一次,跳过10之后会正常插入mysql> insert into t3 values (null);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.46 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values (null);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.11 sec) mysql> insert into t3 values (null);ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '10' for key 'PRIMARY'被delete语句删除的id值,除非sql中将id重新插入,否则前面空余的id不会复用。delete from t3该语句不会引起auto_increment的变化,mysql> delete from t3;Query OK, 8 rows affected (0.34 sec) mysql> show create table t3\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t3Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=18 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)truncate table t3 该语句会引起auto_increment的变化,从头开始。mysql> truncate table t3;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.53 sec) mysql> show create table t3\G;*************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t3Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t3` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf81 row in set (0.00 sec)last_insert_id()函数可获得自增列自动生成的最后一个编号。但该函数只与服务器的本次会话过程中生成的值有关。如果在与服务器的本次会话中尚未生成AUTO_INCREMENT值,则该函数返回0。修改AUTO_INCREMENT字段的起始值 可用alter table table_name AUTO_INCREMENT=n命令来重设自增的起始值。 但是如果设置的n比目前的数值小的话,执行的sql不会报错,但是不会生效!MyISAM和Innodb均是如此。mysql> show create table t2;+-------+----------------------- CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=14 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> alter table t2 auto_increment=2;Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.04 sec)Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table t2;+-------+-------------------- CREATE TABLE `t2` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=MyISAM AUTO_INCREMENT=14 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8auto_increment_increment & auto_increment_offset 两个变量的介绍这两个参数作用:控制自增列AUTO_INCREMENT的行为,用于MASTER-MASTER之间的复制,防止出现重复值。两个变量均可以设置为全局或局部变量,并且假定每个值都可以为1到65,535之间的整数值。将其中一个变量设置为0会使该变量为1。如果试图将这些变量设置为大于65,535或小于0的值,则会将该值设置为65,535。如果向将auto_increment_increment或auto_increment_offset设置为非整数值,则会给出错误,并且变量的实际值在这种情况下保持不变。两个值的含义:auto_increment_increment:自增值的自增量auto_increment_offset: 自增值的偏移量设置了两个值之后,改服务器的自增字段值限定为:auto_increment_offset + auto_increment_increment*N 的值,其中N>=0,但是上限还是要受定义字段的类型限制。比如:auto_increment_offset=1auto_increment_increment=2那么ID则是所有的奇数[1,3,5,7,.....]如果:auto_increment_offset=5auto_increment_increment=10那么ID则是所有的奇数[5,15,25,35,.....]查看当前值:mysql> show variables like '%auto_increment%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 1 || auto_increment_offset | 1 |+--------------------------+-------+配置auto-increment-increment&auto-increment-offset的值:(1):修改配置文件,重启mysqld vi my.cnf 将 auto-increment-increment = 2 auto-increment-offset = 2 加入到mysqld相关的配置中(2):通过set命令修改,不需要重启mysqld,一般需要用set global来设置set global auto_increment_increment=2;set global auto_increment_offset=2; 注意:在一个会话中,如果用set global 修改了mysql的某个变量值,如果不退出session,重新连接,你用show variables 看到的还是修改之前的值,因为show variables 默认返回的是当前session的值,最好用show session variables 和 show global variables 来查看对应的变量值。 下面是个例子:mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like '%auto_increment%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 1 || auto_increment_offset | 1 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show session variables like '%auto_increment%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 1 || auto_increment_offset | 1 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show global variables like '%auto_increment%'; +--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 2 || auto_increment_offset | 1 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)当然也可以只设定当前session有效set session auto_increment_increment=2;set session auto_increment_offset=2;具体的例子:auto_increment_increment=2auto_increment_offset=1mysql> truncate t2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> mysql> set session auto_increment_increment=2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set session auto_increment_offset=1;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show session variables like '%auto_incre%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 2 || auto_increment_offset | 1 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null);Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from t2;+----+| id |+----+| 1 || 3 || 5 || 7 || 9 || 11 |+----+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)auto_increment_increment=2auto_increment_offset=2mysql> truncate t2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> set session auto_increment_increment=2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set session auto_increment_offset=2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show session variables like '%auto_incre%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 2 || auto_increment_offset | 2 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null);Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from t2;+----+| id |+----+| 2 || 4 || 6 || 8 || 10 || 12 |+----+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)auto_increment_increment=10auto_increment_offset=5mysql> truncate t2;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set session auto_increment_increment=10;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set session auto_increment_offset=5;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show session variables like '%auto_incre%';+--------------------------+-------+| Variable_name | Value |+--------------------------+-------+| auto_increment_increment | 10 || auto_increment_offset | 5 |+--------------------------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values (null),(null),(null),(null),(null),(null);Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from t2;+----+| id |+----+| 5 || 15 || 25 || 35 || 45 || 55 |+----+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)一个很重要的问题:如果在原有的序列中强制插入一个值,比如上面的例子,下一个数据我插入57,那再往后生成的值会受前面插入数据的影响吗?答案是: 不会的!!mysql> insert into t2 values (57),(58);Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from t2;+----+| id |+----+| 5 || 15 || 25 || 35 || 45 || 55 || 57 || 58 |+----+8 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into t2 values (null),(null),(null);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from t2;+----+| id |+----+| 5 || 15 || 25 || 35 || 45 || 55 || 57 || 58 || 65 || 75 || 85 |+----+11 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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