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最全面的Git 使用规范装逼指南
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<p><span style="color: rgb(255, 104, 39);"><em>文章来源：慕课网手记用户</em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>团队开发中，遵循一个合理、清晰的Git使用流程，是非常重要的。</p><p><br /></p><p>否则，每个人都提交一堆杂乱无章的commit，项目很快就会变得难以协调和维护。</p><p><br /></p><p>下面是<span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong>**[ThoughtBot]**</strong></span> 的Git使用规范流程。我从中学到了很多，推荐你也这样使用Git。</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="png" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWwuAJUbQpMotSQM47gnQGp067OnAia66xFy7jdMp2kz850uy6bpL9KCqCniaHVzcVAibPO9zjhficeiaUGGupsooaQ/0?wx_fmt=png" data-ratio="0.814748201438849" data-w="" /><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong><em>第一步：新建分支</em></strong></span></p><p><br /></p><p>首先，每次开发新功能，都应该新建一个单独的分支（这方面可以参考<span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);">**[《Git分支管理策略》]**</span>）。</p><p><br /></p><p># 获取主干最新代码</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git checkout master</p><p>$ git pull</p><p><br /></p><p># 新建一个开发分支myfeature</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git checkout -b myfeature</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><em><strong>第二步：提交分支commit</strong></em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>分支修改后，就可以提交commit了。</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git add --all</p><p>$ git status</p><p>$ git commit --verbose</p><p><br /></p><p>`git add` 命令的all参数，表示保存所有变化（包括新建、修改和删除）。从Git 2.0开始，all是 git add 的默认参数，所以也可以用 `git add .` 代替。</p><p><br /></p><p>`git status` 命令，用来查看发生变动的文件。</p><p><br /></p><p>`git commit` 命令的verbose参数，会列出 <span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong>**[diff]**</strong></span> 的结果。</p><p><br /></p><p><em><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><strong>第三步：撰写提交信息</strong></span></em></p><p><br /></p><p>提交commit时，必须给出完整扼要的提交信息，下面是一个范本。</p><p><br /></p><p>Present-tense summary under 50 characters</p><p><br /></p><p>* More information about commit (under 72 characters).</p><p>* More information about commit (under 72 characters).</p><p><br /></p><p>http://project.management-system.com/ticket/123</p><p><br /></p><p>第一行是不超过50个字的提要，然后空一行，罗列出改动原因、主要变动、以及需要注意的问题。最后，提供对应的网址（比如Bug ticket）。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><em><strong>第四步：与主干同步</strong></em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>分支的开发过程中，要经常与主干保持同步。</p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">$ git fetch origin</span><br /></p><p>$ git rebase origin/master</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><em><strong>第五步：合并commit</strong></em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>分支开发完成后，很可能有一堆commit，但是合并到主干的时候，往往希望只有一个（或最多两三个）commit，这样不仅清晰，也容易管理。</p><p><br /></p><p>那么，怎样才能将多个commit合并呢？这就要用到 `git rebase` 命令。</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git rebase -i origin/master</p><p><br /></p><p>`git rebase`命令的i参数表示互动（interactive），这时git会打开一个互动界面，进行下一步操作。</p><p><br /></p><p>下面采用<span style="color: rgb(0, 122, 170);"><strong>**[Tute Costa]**</strong></span>的例子，来解释怎么合并commit。</p><p><br /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWwuAJUbQpMotSQM47gnQGp067OnAia665M0Sk3TqwK3q5UgwaRZxiblCsqhw2J2WBcyicfwXYJVgD2Q4BPdKibTtQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.5467625899280576" data-w="" /><br /></p><p>上面的互动界面，先列出当前分支最新的4个commit（越下面越新）。每个commit前面有一个操作命令，默认是pick，表示该行commit被选中，要进行rebase操作。</p><p><br /></p><p>4个commit的下面是一大堆注释，列出可以使用的命令。</p><p><br /></p><p> - ` pick`：正常选中</p><p><br /></p><p> - `reword`：选中，并且修改提交信息；</p><p><br /></p><p> - `edit`：选中，rebase时会暂停，允许你修改这个commit</p><p><br /></p><p> - `squash`：选中，会将当前commit与上一个commit合并</p><p><br /></p><p> - `fixup`：与squash相同，但不会保存当前commit的提交信息</p><p><br /></p><p> - `exec`：执行其他shell命令</p><p><br /></p><p>上面这6个命令当中，`squash`和`fixup`可以用来合并commit。先把需要合并的commit前面的动词，改成`squash`（或者s）。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</span><br /></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;"><br /></span></p><p>s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</p><p><br /></p><p>s 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</p><p><br /></p><p>pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</p><p><br /></p><p>这样一改，执行后，当前分支只会剩下两个commit。第二行和第三行的commit，都会合并到第一行的commit。提交信息会同时包含，这三个commit的提交信息。</p><p><br /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWwuAJUbQpMotSQM47gnQGp067OnAia66MH9AdriaND7kBRE8AJKD2JWibdbCocz5tvVjuEwrmkjbc0thbOkcCHOQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.302158273381295" data-w="" /><br /></p><p>如果将第三行的`squash`命令改成`fixup`命令。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">pick 07c5abd Introduce OpenPGP and teach basic usage</span><br /></p><p>s de9b1eb Fix PostChecker::Post#urls</p><p>f 3e7ee36 Hey kids, stop all the highlighting</p><p>pick fa20af3 git interactive rebase, squash, amend</p><p><br /></p><p>运行结果相同，还是会生成两个commit，第二行和第三行的commit，都合并到第一行的commit。但是，新的提交信息里面，第三行commit的提交信息，会被注释掉。</p><p><br /></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/QWwuAJUbQpMotSQM47gnQGp067OnAia66u0kbNcYia97XJBPCIHBCqMTm9GOPiaXoZQfktoctL6icAKPpFgyH762wQ/0?wx_fmt=jpeg" data-ratio="0.29136690647482016" data-w="" /><br /></p><p>`squash`和`fixup`命令，还可以当作命令行参数使用，自动合并commit。</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git commit --fixup </p><p>$ git rebase -i --autosquash </p><p><br /></p><p>这个用法这里就不解释了。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><em><strong>第六步：推送到远程仓库</strong></em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>合并commit后，就可以推送当前分支到远程仓库了。</p><p><br /></p><p>$ git push --force origin myfeature</p><p><br /></p><p>`git push`命令要加上force参数，因为rebase以后，分支历史改变了，跟远程分支不一定兼容，有可能要强行推送。</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="color: rgb(255, 76, 0);"><em><strong>第七步：发出Pull Request</strong></em></span></p><p><br /></p><p>提交到远程仓库以后，就可以发出 Pull Request 到master分支，然后请求别人进行代码review，确认可以合并到master。</p><p><br /></p><p>作者：阮一峰</p><p><br /></p><p>文章源自：http://www.ruanyifeng.com/blog/2015/08/git-use-process.html</p><p><br /></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 41, 65);">更多干货文章或者也想在微信里看到自己的文章，四爷在这里等你：</span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(255, 41, 65);"> http://www.imooc.com/article</span></strong></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><strong style="line-height: 25.6px; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(25, 24, 23); white-space: pre-wrap; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"></strong></p><p style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal;"><br /></p><section style="line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; widows: auto; max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section class="Powered-by-XIUMI V5" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section class="" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: 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rgb(63, 63, 63); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">中国最大的IT技能学习平台</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; word-wrap: normal; min-height: 1.5em; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: normal; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">微信号：imooc--com</span></p></fieldset><p style="margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; text-indent: 0em; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img data-w="258" data-ratio="1" data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" width="auto" data-src="http://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz/gPKgoIgeYlONGe0dpYHOzJZD3NLRYcYHMqsRZTow5Ec9jURrrpZSRKGMqVWhiapTufBlRYicEibkyloU6XibVtMDLA/640?wx_fmt=jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; width: auto !important; visibility: visible !important;" /><br style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;" /><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(89, 89, 89);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">长按二维码点击“识别图中二维码”即可关注</strong></span></span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: pre-wrap; line-height: 1.5em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">微博</span><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: 12px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">： @慕课网</span></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; white-space: 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