SQL Server触发器

时间:2020-12-05 02:30:08

一﹕ 触发器是一种特殊的存储过程﹐它不能被显式地调用﹐而是在往表中插入记录﹑更新记录或者删除记录时被自动地激活。所以触发器可以用来实现对表实施复杂的完整性约`束。

二﹕ SQL Server为每个触发器都创建了两个专用表﹕Inserted表和Deleted表。这两个表由系统来维护﹐它们存在于内存中而不是在数据库中。这两个表的结构总是与被该触发器作用的表的结构相同。触发器执行 完成后﹐与该触发器相关的这两个表也被删除。

    • Deleted表存放由于执行Delete或Update语句而要从表中删除的所有行。
    • Inserted表存放由于执行Insert或Update语句而要向表中插入的所有行。

对表的操作

Inserted逻辑表

Deleted逻辑表

增加记录(insert)

存放增加的记录

删除记录(delete)

存放被删除的记录

修改记录(update)

存放更新后的记录

存放更新前的记录

三﹕Instead of 和 After触发器

SQL Server2000提供了两种触发器﹕Instead of 和After 触发器。这两种触发器的差别在于他们被激活的同﹕

    • Instead of触发器用于替代引起触发器执行的T-SQL语句。除表之外﹐Instead of 触发器也可以用于视图﹐用来扩展视图可以支持的更新操作。
    • After触发器在一个Insert,Update或Deleted语句之后执行﹐进行约束检查等动作都在After触发器被激活之前发生。After触发器只能用于表。
    • 一个表或视图的每一个修改动作(insert,update和delete)都可以有一个instead of 触发器﹐一个表的每个修改动作都可以有多个After触发器。

四﹕触发器的执行过程

    • 如果一个Insert﹑update或者delete语句违反了约束﹐那幺After触发器不会执行﹐因为对约束的检查是在After触发器被激动之前发生的。所以After触发器不能超越约束。
    • Instead of 触发器可以取代激发它的操作来执行。它在Inserted表和Deleted表刚刚建立﹐其它任何操作还没有发生时被执行。因为Instead of 触发器在约束之前执行﹐所以它可以对约束进行一些预处理。

五﹕使用T-SQL语句来创建触发器

  --基本语句如下﹕
           create trigger trigger_name
           on {table_name | view_name}
           {for | After | Instead of }
           [ insert, update,delete ]
           as
           sql_statement

六﹕删除触发器:

  --基本语句如下﹕
     drop trigger trigger_name

七:查看数据库中已有触发器:

-- 查看数据库已有触发器
 use jxcSoftware
 go
 select * from sysobjects where xtype='TR'

-- 查看单个触发器
 exec sp_helptext '触发器名'

八﹕修改触发器:

  --基本语句如下﹕
       alter trigger trigger_name
       on {table_name | view_name}
          {for | After | Instead of }
          [ insert, update,delete ]
       as
          sql_statement

九﹕相关示例﹕

Ø 创建触发器

    语法

create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encrypion –加密触发器
    for update...
as
    Transact-SQL

    # 创建insert类型触发器

--创建insert插入类型触发器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_insert', 'tr') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_classes_insert
go
create trigger tgr_classes_insert
on classes
    for insert --插入触发
as
    --定义变量
    declare @id ), @temp int;
    --在inserted表中查询已经插入记录信息
    select @id = id, @name = name from inserted;
    set @name = @name + convert(varchar, @id);
    ;
    insert into student values(@name,  + @id, @temp, @id);
    print '添加学生成功!';
go
--插入数据
insert into classes values('5班', getDate());
--查询数据
select * from classes;
select * from student order by id;
     insert触发器,会在inserted表中添加一条刚插入的记录。

    # 创建delete类型触发器

--delete删除类型触发器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_delete', 'TR') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_classes_delete
go
create trigger tgr_classes_delete
on classes
    for delete --删除触发
as
    print '备份数据中……';
    if (object_id('classesBackup', 'U') is not null)
        --存在classesBackup,直接插入数据
        insert into classesBackup select name, createDate from deleted;
    else
        --不存在classesBackup创建再插入
        select * into classesBackup from deleted;
    print '备份数据成功!';
go
--
--不显示影响行数
--set nocount on;
delete classes where name = '5班';
--查询数据
select * from classes;
select * from classesBackup;
   delete触发器会在删除数据的时候,将刚才删除的数据保存在deleted表中。

    # 创建update类型触发器

--update更新类型触发器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_update', 'TR') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_classes_update
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update
on classes
    for update
as
    declare @oldName varchar(), @newName varchar();
    --更新前的数据
    select @oldName = name from deleted;
    if (exists (select * from student where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%'))
        begin
            --更新后的数据
            select @newName = name from inserted;
            update student set name = replace(name, @oldName, @newName) where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%';
            print '级联修改数据成功!';
        end
    else
        print '无需修改student表!';
go
--查询数据
select * from student order by id;
select * from classes;
update classes set name = '五班' where name = '5班';
     update触发器会在更新数据后,将更新前的数据保存在deleted表中,更新后的数据保存在inserted表中。

    # update更新列级触发器

if (object_id('tgr_classes_update_column', 'TR') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_classes_update_column
go
create trigger tgr_classes_update_column
on classes
    for update
as
    --列级触发器:是否更新了班级创建时间
    if (update(createDate))
    begin
        raisError(, );
        rollback tran;
    end
go
--测试
select * from student order by id;
select * from classes;
update classes ;
update classes ;
     更新列级触发器可以用update是否判断更新列记录;

    # instead of类型触发器

       instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身的内容。

       创建语法

create trigger tgr_name
on table_name
with encryption
    instead of update...
as
    T-SQL

      # 创建instead of触发器

if (object_id('tgr_classes_inteadOf', 'TR') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
go
create trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf
on classes
    instead of delete/*, update, insert*/
as
    declare @id );
    --查询被删除的信息,病赋值
    select @id = id, @name = name from deleted;
    print 'id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name;
    --先删除student的信息
    delete student where cid = @id;
    --再删除classes的信息
    delete classes where id = @id;
    print '删除[ id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name + ' ] 的信息成功!';
go
--test
select * from student order by id;
select * from classes;
delete classes ;

      # 显示自定义消息raiserror

if (object_id('tgr_message', 'TR') is not null)
    drop trigger tgr_message
go
create trigger tgr_message
on student
    after insert, update
, );
go
--test
insert into student values(, , );
update student  where name = 'lucy';
select * from student order by id;

    # 修改触发器

alter trigger tgr_message
on student
after delete
, );
go
--test
delete from student where name = 'lucy';

    # 启用、禁用触发器

--禁用触发器
disable trigger tgr_message on student;
--启用触发器
enable trigger tgr_message on student;

    # 查询创建的触发器信息

--查询已存在的触发器
select * from sys.triggers;
select * from sys.objects where type = 'TR';

--查看触发器触发事件
select te.* from sys.trigger_events te join sys.triggers t
on t.object_id = te.object_id
 and t.name = 'tgr_valid_data';

--查看创建触发器语句
exec sp_helptext 'tgr_message';

    # 示例,验证插入数据

if ((object_id('tgr_valid_data', 'TR') is not null))
    drop trigger tgr_valid_data
go
create trigger tgr_valid_data
on student
after insert
as
    declare @age int,
            @name varchar();
    select @name = s.name, @age = s.age from inserted s;
    )
    begin
        raisError(, );
        rollback tran;
    end
go
--test
insert into student values(, , );
insert into student values(, , );
select * from student order by id;

    # 示例,操作日志

if (object_id('log', 'U') is not null)
    drop table log
go
create table log(
    id , ) primary key,
    action varchar(),
    createDate datetime default getDate()
)
go
if (exists (select * from sys.objects where name = 'tgr_student_log'))
    drop trigger tgr_student_log
go
create trigger tgr_student_log
on student
after insert, update, delete
as
      from deleted)))
    begin
        insert into log(action) values('updated');
    end
      from deleted))
    begin
        insert into log(action) values('inserted');
    end
      from deleted))
    begin
        insert into log(action) values('deleted');
    end
go
--test
insert into student values(, , );
update student  where name = 'king';
delete student where name = 'king';
select * from log;
select * from student order by id;