php从以前到现在一直都是单继承的语言,无法同时从两个基类中继承属性和方法,为了解决这个问题,php出了Trait这个特性
用法:通过在类中使用use 关键字,声明要组合的Trait名称,具体的Trait的声明使用Trait关键词,Trait不能实例化,同时 Trait 里不能有常量。
如下代码实例:
<?php
trait Dog{
public $name="dog";
public function bark(){
echo "This is dog";
}
}
class Animal{
public function eat(){
echo "This is animal eat";
}
}
class Cat extends Animal{
use Dog;
public function drive(){
echo "This is cat drive";
}
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive();
$cat->eat();
$cat->bark();
?>
再测试Trait、基类和本类对同名属性或方法的处理,如下代码
<?php
trait Dog{
public $name="dog";
public function drive(){
echo "This is dog drive";
}
public function eat(){
echo "This is dog eat";
}
} class Animal{
public function drive(){
echo "This is animal drive";
}
public function eat(){
echo "This is animal eat";
}
} class Cat extends Animal{
use Dog;
public function drive(){
echo "This is cat drive";
}
}
$cat = new Cat();
$cat->drive(); //This is cat driver
$cat->eat(); //This is dog eat ?>
所以:Trait中的方法或属性会覆盖 基类中的同名的方法或属性,而本类会覆盖Trait中同名的属性或方法
即:优先级 :本类 > Trait > 基类(父类)
一个类可以组合多个Trait,通过逗号相隔,如下
use trait1,trait2
当不同的trait中,却有着同名的方法或属性,会产生冲突,可以使用insteadof或 as进行解决,insteadof 是进行替代,而as是给它取别名
如下实例:
<?php
trait trait1{
public function eat(){
echo "This is trait1 eat";
}
public function drive(){
echo "This is trait1 drive";
}
}
trait trait2{
public function eat(){
echo "This is trait2 eat";
}
public function drive(){
echo "This is trait2 drive";
}
}
class cat{
use trait1,trait2{
trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
}
}
class dog{
use trait1,trait2{
trait1::eat insteadof trait2;
trait1::drive insteadof trait2;
trait2::eat as eaten;
trait2::drive as driven;
}
}
$cat = new cat();
$cat->eat();
$cat->drive();
$dog = new dog();
$dog->eat();
$dog->drive();
$dog->eaten();
$dog->driven();
?>
as 还可以修改方法的访问控制
<?php
trait Animal{
public function eat(){
echo "This is Animal eat";
}
} class Dog{
use Animal{
eat as protected;
}
}
class Cat{
use Animal{
Animal::eat as private eaten;
}
}
$dog = new Dog();
$dog->eat();//报错,因为已经把eat改成了保护 $cat = new Cat();
$cat->eat();//正常运行,不会修改原先的访问控制
$cat->eaten();//报错,已经改成了私有的访问控制
?>
Trait也可以互相组合,还可以使用抽象方法,静态属性,静态方法等,实例如下
<?php
trait Cat{
public function eat(){
echo "This is Cat eat";
}
} trait Dog{
use Cat;
public function drive(){
echo "This is Dog drive";
}
abstract public function getName(); public function test(){
static $num=0;
$num++;
echo $num;
} public static function say(){
echo "This is Dog say";
}
}
class animal{
use Dog;
public function getName(){
echo "This is animal name";
}
} $animal = new animal();
$animal->getName();
$animal->eat();
$animal->drive();
$animal::say();
$animal->test();
$animal->test();
?>