1.json/pickle 略。
2.shelve模块
import shelve
# shelve 以key value的形式序列化，value为对象
class Foo(object):
def __init__(self, n):
self.n = n
s = shelve.open("shelve_test")
name = ["alex", "rain", "test"]
s["test"] = name
s["a"] = Foo(1)
s["b"] = Foo(2)
# 反序列化，提取对象
print(s.items()) # 提取所有
print(s.get("test")) # 提取单个
s.close()
3.xml的处理
xml文件：country.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>View Code
<data>
<country name="Liechtenstein">
<rank updated="yes">2</rank>
<year>2008</year>
<gdppc>141100</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/>
<neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/>
</country>
<country name="Singapore">
<rank updated="yes">5</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>59900</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/>
</country>
<country name="Panama">
<rank updated="yes">69</rank>
<year>2011</year>
<gdppc>13600</gdppc>
<neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/>
<neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/>
</country>
</data>
遍历等处理：
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse("country.xml")
root = tree.getroot() # data 根节点
'''一般的节点<tag attrib="value"> text <tag/>
自结束标签<tag attrib="value"/>
'''
# 遍历xml文档
for child in root:
print(child.tag, child.attrib)
for i in child:
print(i.tag, i.text)
# 只遍历year 节点
for node in root.iter('year'):
print(node.tag, node.text)
修改和删除：
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
tree = ET.parse("country.xml")
root = tree.getroot()
# 修改
for node in root.iter('year'):
new_year = int(node.text) + 1
node.text = str(new_year)
node.set("updated", "yes")
tree.write("country.xml")
# 删除node
for country in root.findall('country'): # 或者root.iter('country')
rank = int(country.find('rank').text)
if rank > 50:
root.remove(country)
tree.write('country.xml')
生成xml文件：
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ETView Code
new_xml = ET.Element("infolist")
info = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "info", attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})
name = ET.SubElement(info, "name")
name.text = 'akira'
age = ET.SubElement(info, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
age.text = '33'
sex = ET.SubElement(info, "sex")
sex.text = 'F'
info1 = ET.SubElement(new_xml, "info", attrib={"enrolled": "yes"})
name1 = ET.SubElement(info1, "name")
name1.text = 'alen'
age1 = ET.SubElement(info1, "age", attrib={"checked": "no"})
age1.text = '22'
sex1 = ET.SubElement(info1, "sex")
sex1.text = 'M'
et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) # 生成文档对象
et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8", xml_declaration=True)
# <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
ET.dump(new_xml) # 打印生成的格
生成的xml内容：
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>View Code
<infolist>
<info enrolled="yes">
<name>akira</name>
<age checked="no">33</age>
<sex>F</sex>
</info>
<info enrolled="yes">
<name>alen</name>
<age checked="no">22</age>
<sex>M</sex>
</info>
</infolist>
4.YAML
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，参考文档：http://pyyaml.org/wiki/PyYAMLDocumentation
例如下面的格式
/etc/http/conf/http.conf:View Code
file.managed:
- source: salt://apache/http.conf
- user: root
- group: root
- mode: 644
- template: jinja
- defaults:
custom_var: "default value"
other_var: 123
5.configparser
修改配置文件的，格式：
[DEFAULT]
ServerAliveInterval = 45
Compression = yes
CompressionLevel = 9
ForwardX11 = yes
[bitbucket.org]
User = hg
[topsecret.server.com]
Port = 50022
ForwardX11 = no
解析：（读取配置文件，并查询条目）
import configparser
conf = configparser.ConfigParser()
conf.read("example.conf")
print(conf.defaults()) # DEFAULT下的条目：
# ["ServerAliveInterval":45,"Compression","yes"...]
print(conf.sections()) # 所有选项除DEFAULT:["bitbucket.org","topsecret.server.com"]
print(conf["DEFAULT"]["ForwardX11"]) # DEFAULT选项中的"ForwardX11"的值
print(conf["bitbucket.org"]["User"])
print(conf["topsecret.server.com"]["Port"])
for key in conf["DEFAULT"]: # 遍历DEFAULT条目
print(key, conf["DEFAULT"][key])
写入：
import configparser
conf = configparser.ConfigParser() # 创建配置文件对象
conf.read("example.conf") # 读取配置文件
conf.write(open("filename.conf", "w")) # 配置文件对象写入文件
用Python生成这个文档：
import configparser
config = configparser.ConfigParser()
config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45',
'Compression': 'yes',
'CompressionLevel': '9'}
config['bitbucket.org'] = {}
config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg'
config['topsecret.server.com'] = {}
topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com']
topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022' # mutates the parser
topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' # same here
config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'
with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:
config.write(configfile)
“增，删，改”：
import ConfigParser
config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
config.read('i.cfg')
# ########## 读 ##########
#secs = config.sections()
#print secs
#options = config.options('group2')
#print options
#item_list = config.items('group2')
#print item_list
#val = config.get('group1','key')
#val = config.getint('group1','key')
# ########## 改写 ##########
#sec = config.remove_section('group1')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')
#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#config.set('group2','k1',11111)
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#config.remove_option('group2','age')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
6、hashlib
加密相关操作，3.x里代替了md5和sha模块，提供 SHA1 , 224，256，384，512，MD5算法，MD5算法是hash散列表的一种实现，也是应用最广泛的一种
hashlib，hash字符串转数字，字典就是用hash做的，字符串排序，存取速度快，
网站防篡改报警功能，定时wget网站首页，如果文件没有变更，MD5值不变
SHA1----MD5 越来越复杂，越来越安全，都是基于hash的
hmac消息加密速度比较快
中文需要 ("中文".encode(encoding="utf8")) MD5的加密，其他SHA..一样的用法
import hashlib
# 先加hello， 再加world
m = hashlib.md5()
m.update("hello".encode("utf8"))
print(type("hello".encode("utf8"))) # <class 'bytes'>
m.update("world".encode("utf8"))
print(m.digest()) # MD5 二进制表示b'\xfc^\x03\x8d8\xa5p2\x08TA\xe7\xfep\x10\xb0'
print(m.hexdigest()) # 十六进制表示fc5e038d38a57032085441e7fe7010b0
# 直接helloworld
m1 = hashlib.md5()
m1.update("helloworld".encode("utf8"))
print(m.digest()) # b'\xfc^\x03\x8d8\xa5p2\x08TA\xe7\xfep\x10\xb0'
print(m.hexdigest()) # fc5e038d38a57032085441e7fe7010b0
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
散列消息鉴别码，简称HMAC，是一种基于消息鉴别码MAC（Message Authentication Code）的鉴别机制。使用HMAC时,消息通讯的双方，通过验证消息中加入的鉴别密钥K来鉴别消息的真伪；
一般用于网络通信中消息加密，前提是双方先要约定好key,就像接头暗号一样，然后消息发送把用key把消息加密，接收方用key ＋ 消息明文再加密，拿加密后的值 跟 发送者的相对比是否相等，这样就能验证消息的真实性，及发送者的合法性了。
import hmacView Code
h = hmac.new('天王盖地虎'.encode("utf8"), '宝塔镇河妖'.encode("utf8"))
print (h.hexdigest())