Python接口自动化测试的实现

时间:2022-09-23 11:53:34

1)环境准备:

  接口测试的方式有很多,比如可以用工具(jmeter,postman)之类,也可以自己写代码进行接口测试,工具的使用相对来说都比较简单,重点是要搞清楚项目接口的协议是什么,然后有针对性的进行选择,甚至当工具不太适合项目时需要自己进行开发。

  在我们项目的初期,我们采用的是jmeter进行接口测试,当时觉得这个工具上手简单,团队成员学习成本低,并且接口测试的脚本稍微调整一下还可以用来做性能测试。

  不过随着项目规模、团队人数的不断增长,渐渐的这个工具有适应不了当前项目的需求了,为此我们项目也重新开发了相关接口自动化的平台。但是,但是。。。可能是我让大家中毒太深,现在很多同学一提到接口测试关联到jmeter,为此,我深深感到不安。毕竟jmeter只是个工具,换个项目换个协议你是否还能玩转接口测试呢?session和cookie有什么区别?工具又是怎么实现的呢?

  比如session如何保存,接口依赖如何处理,case如何管理及执行顺序,测试数据如何管理等等题,这个过程也有助于我们更加深刻的理解接口测试和http协议。

  本文主要采用python语言,python中http协议接口相关的库有urllib,urllib2以及reqeusts库,这其中reqeusts库用来起来最方便,因此我也主要采用requests库来做http协议的接口测试。首先来看下需要哪些环境信息:

一、安装python

  mac下自带安装了python,这个不多说了。

二、安装虚拟环境:

我们在一台机器上可以安装多个python版本,为了使每个版本的环境相互不受干扰,可以安装虚拟环境,安装方法如下:

1、安装virtualenv:pip install virtualenv

2、新建名为venv的虚拟环境:virtualenv venv

3、进入新环境:source venv/bin/activate

4、退出:deactivate

三、安装requests库

>>>pip install requests

ps:用python做http协议的接口测试会用到这个库。

四、http测试工具:

一个使用 Python + Flask 编写的 HTTP 请求和响应服务,该服务主要用于测试 HTTP 库。后续测试我们都基于这个网站。

http://httpbin.org

五、在本地搭建httpbin:

考虑到测试时要不断访问 httpbin 网站,请求过多担心被拉到黑名单,我们自己在本志搭建一套httpbin服务。

1、安装:pip install gunicorn

2、安装:pip install httpbin

3、启动:gunicorn httpbin:app

至此,环境搭建已经完毕,可以开始玩了~

(2)requests.get()

环境搭建好后,接下来我们先来了解一下requests的一些简单使用,主要包括:

requests常用请求方法使用,包括:get,postrequests库中的Session、Cookie的使用其它高级部分:认证、代理、证书验证、超时配置、错误异常处理等。

本节首先来了解一下requests库中如何发送get请求:

一、看下方法定义:

1、到官方文档去了下requests.get()方法的定义,如下:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

2、点击右上角的【source】,看一下它的源码如下:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

看到最后一行return,get方法最后是通过调用 requests.request方法实现的,其实在其它的请求方法如post,put,head,delete等方法都是调用的request方法,然后把请求方法的类型传递给request方法第一个参数。

3、HTTP协议是一个基于请求/响应模式的、无状态的,应用层协议。既然有请求,就有响应,来看下resquest中常用的响应信息:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

二、get方法简单使用:

1、不带参数的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#不带参数的get

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
r = requests.get(url)
#response = r.json()

print type(r.text)
print (eval(r.text))

输出:

{
  'origin': '183.14.133.88',
  'headers': {
    'Connection': 'close',
    'Host': 'httpbin.org',
    'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,
    deflate',
    'Accept': '*/*',
    'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1'
  },
  'args': {
    
  },
  'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get'
}

2、 带参数的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#带参数的get

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
params = {"show_env":"1"}
r = requests.get(url=url,params=params)

print r.url

输出:

http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1
{
  'origin': '183.14.133.88',
  'headers': {
    'X-Request-Id': 'ebe922b4-c463-4fe9-9faf-49748d682fd7',
    'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip,
    deflate',
    'X-Forwarded-Port': '80',
    'Total-Route-Time': '0',
    'Connection': 'close',
    'Connect-Time': '0',
    'Via': '1.1vegur',
    'X-Forwarded-For': '183.14.133.88',
    'Accept': '*/*',
    'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.1',
    'X-Request-Start': '1504755961007',
    'Host': 'httpbin.org',
    'X-Forwarded-Proto': 'http'
  },
  'args': {
    'show_env': '1'
  },
  'url': 'http: //httpbin.org/get?show_env=1'
}

3、带header的get:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}

r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']

输出:

test request headers

4、同时带参数和header:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "get"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}
params = {"show_env":"1"}

r = requests.get(url)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,params=params)

#response = r.json()
print (eval(r.text))['headers']['User-Agent']
print r.url

输出:

test request headers
http://httpbin.org/get?show_env=1

(3)requests.post()

一、方法定义

二、post方法简单使用

  1、带数据的post

  2、带header的post

  3、带json的post

  4、带参数的post

  5、普通文件上传

  6、定制化文件上传

  7、多文件上传

一、方法定义:

1、到官方文档去了下requests.post()方法的定义,如下:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

2、源码:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

3、常用返回信息:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

二、post方法简单使用:

1、带数据的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"
url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
data = {'key1':'value1','key2':'value2'}

r = requests.post(url,data=data)
#response = r.json()
print (r.text)

输出:

{
 "args": {}, 
 "data": "", 
 "files": {}, 
 "form": {
  "key1": "value1", 
  "key2": "value2"
 }, 
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Content-Length": "23", 
  "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }, 
 "json": null, 
 "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

2、带header的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
headers = {"User-Agent":"test request headers"}

# r = requests.post(url)
r = requests.post(url,headers=headers)
#response = r.json()

输出:

{
 "args": {}, 
 "data": "", 
 "files": {}, 
 "form": {}, 
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Content-Length": "0", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "User-Agent": "test request headers"
 }, 
 "json": null, 
 "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

3、带json的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
data = {
  "sites": [
        { "name":"test" , "url":"www.test.com" },
        { "name":"google" , "url":"www.google.com" },
        { "name":"weibo" , "url":"www.weibo.com" }
  ]
}

r = requests.post(url,json=data)
# r = requests.post(url,data=json.dumps(data))
response = r.json()

输出:

{
 "args": {}, 
 "data": "{\"sites\": [{\"url\": \"www.test.com\", \"name\": \"test\"}, {\"url\": \"www.google.com\", \"name\": \"google\"}, {\"url\": \"www.weibo.com\", \"name\": \"weibo\"}]}", 
 "files": {}, 
 "form": {}, 
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Content-Length": "140", 
  "Content-Type": "application/json", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }, 
 "json": {
  "sites": [
   {
    "name": "test", 
    "url": "www.test.com"
   }, 
   {
    "name": "google", 
    "url": "www.google.com"
   }, 
   {
    "name": "weibo", 
    "url": "www.weibo.com"
   }
  ]
 }, 
 "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

4、带参数的post:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
params = {'key1':'params1','key2':'params2'}

# r = requests.post(url)
r = requests.post(url,params=params)
#response = r.json()
print (r.text)

输出:

{
"args": {
"key1": "params1",
"key2": "params2"
},
"data": "",
"files": {},
"form": {},
"headers": {
"Accept": "*/*",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"Content-Length": "0",
"Host": "httpbin.org",
"User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
},
"json": null,
"origin": "183.14.133.88",
"url": "http://httpbin.org/post?key2=params2&key1=params1"
}

5.普通文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#普通上传
files = {
      'file':open('test.txt','rb')
    }

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)

输出:

{
 "args": {}, 
 "data": "", 
 "files": {
  "file": "hello world!\n"
 }, 
 "form": {}, 
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Content-Length": "157", 
  "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=392865f79bf6431f8a53c9d56c62571e", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }, 
 "json": null, 
 "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

6.定制化文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#自定义文件名,文件类型、请求头
files = {
    'file':('test.png',open('test.png','rb'),'image/png')
}

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)heman793

7.多文件上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#多文件上传
files = [
  ('file1',('test.txt',open('test.txt', 'rb'))),
  ('file2', ('test.png', open('test.png', 'rb')))
  ]

r = requests.post(url,files=files)
print (r.text)

8.流式上传:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "post"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])

#流式上传
with open( 'test.txt' ) as f:
  r = requests.post(url,data = f)

print (r.text)

输出:

{
 "args": {}, 
 "data": "hello world!\n", 
 "files": {}, 
 "form": {}, 
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Content-Length": "13", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }, 
 "json": null, 
 "origin": "183.14.133.88", 
 "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

(4)Cookie&Session

掌握了前面几节的的内容,就可以做一些简单的http协议接口的请求发送了,但是这些还不够。HTTP协议是一个无状态的应用层协议,也就是说前后两次请求是没有任何关系的,那如果我们测试的接口之前有相互依赖关系怎么办呢(比如我要在博客园发文章,是需要先登录的),这时我们就要用到cookie和session技术来保持客户端与服务器端连接的状态,这也就是本节要介绍的内容:

一、Cookie:

1、获取cookie:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#获取cookie
import requests
import json

url = "https://www.baidu.com/"
r = requests.get(url)

#将RequestsCookieJar转换成字典
c = requests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(r.cookies)

print r.cookies
print c

for a in r.cookies:
  print a.name,a.value

输出:

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
{'BDORZ': '27315'}
BDORZ 27315

2、发送Cookie

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
#发送cookie到服务器
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "cookies"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
#方法一:简单发送
# cookies = {"aaa":"bbb"}
# r = requests.get(url,cookies=cookies)
# print r.text

#方法二:复杂发送
s = requests.session()
c = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
c.set('c-name','c-value',path='/xxx/uuu',domain='.test.com')
s.cookies.update(c)

二、Session

1、保持会话同步:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "cookies"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])
url1 = "http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/sessioncookie/123456789"

r = requests.get(url)
print r.text

print "------"


s = requests.session()  #初始化一个session对象
s.get(url1)        #cookie的信息存在了session中
r = s.get(url)

print r.text

输出:

{
 "cookies": {}
}

------
{
 "cookies": {
  "sessioncookie": "123456789"
 }
}

2、保存绘画信息:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "headers"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])

header1 = {"testA":"AAA"}
header2 = {"testB":"BBB"}

s = requests.session()  #初始化一个session对象
s.headers.update(header1)  #已经存在于服务中的信息
r = s.get(url,headers=header2) #发送新的信息

print r.text

输出:

{
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "Testa": "AAA", 
  "Testb": "BBB", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }
}

3.删除已存在的会话信息,保存为None

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests
import json

host = "http://httpbin.org/"
endpoint = "headers"

url = ''.join([host,endpoint])

header1 = {"testA":"AAA"}
header2 = {"testB":"BBB"}

s = requests.session()  #初始化一个session对象
s.headers.update(header1)  #已经存在于服务中的信息
r = s.get(url,headers=header2) #发送新的信息

print r.text

print '--------'

s.headers['testA'] = None  #删除会话里的信息testA
r1 = s.get(url,headers = header2)
print r1.text
{
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "Testa": "AAA", 
  "Testb": "BBB", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }
}

--------
{
 "headers": {
  "Accept": "*/*", 
  "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
  "Connection": "close", 
  "Host": "httpbin.org", 
  "Testb": "BBB", 
  "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.1"
 }
}

4、提供默认数据:

s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('user', 'pass')
s.headers.update({'x-test': 'true'})

# both 'x-test' and 'x-test2' are sent
s.get('http://httpbin.org/headers', headers={'x-test2': 'true'})

参考:

http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/quickstart/#cookies
http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#session-objects

(5)其他(认证&代理&超时设置)

一、认证

1、基本认证:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests

url = "http://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/passwd"

r1 = requests.get(url)
print "未提供用户名密码:" + str(r1.status_code)

#Basic Authentication
r2 = requests.get(url,auth=('user','passwd'))
print "已提供用户名密码:" + str(r2.status_code)

输出:

未提供用户名密码:401
已提供用户名密码:200

2、数字认证:

>>> from requests.auth import HTTPDigestAuth
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass'
>>> requests.get(url, auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
<Response [200]>

3、OAuth认证:

  参考:http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/authentication/

二、代理

1、方法一:proxy参数:

import requests

proxies = {
 "https": "http://41.118.132.69:4433"
}
r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", proxies=proxies)
print r.text

2、方法二:设置环境变量:

$ export HTTP_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:3128"
$ export HTTPS_PROXY="http://10.10.1.10:1080"

$ python
>>> import requests
>>> requests.get('http://example.org')

3、HTTP Basic Auth使用代理方法:http://user:password@host/

proxies = {'http': 'http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/'}

三、证书验证

1、SSL证书(HTTPS):

import requests

#跳过12306 的证书验证,把 verify 设置为 False: 
r = requests.get('https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/', verify=False)
print r.text

2、客户端证书:

>>> requests.get('https://kennethreitz.org', cert=('/path/client.cert', '/path/client.key'))
<Response [200]>

or

s = requests.Session()
s.cert = '/path/client.cert'

四、超时配置

1 、利用timeout参数来配置最大请求时间:

r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=5)

2、设置timeout=None,告诉请求永远等待响应,而不将请求作为超时值传递

r = requests.get('https://github.com', timeout=None)

五、错误异常

1、所有Requests显式抛出的异常都继承自:requests.exctptions.RequestException

2、遇到网络问题(如:DNS查询失败,拒绝连接等)时,requests会抛出一个ConnectionError异常

3、遇到罕见的无效HTTP响应时,Request则会抛出一个HTTPError异常

4、若请求超时,则抛出一个Timeout异常

5、若请求超过了最大的重写向次数,则会抛出一个TooManyRedirects异常

(6)unittest-单个用例管理:

上面主要介绍了环境搭建和requests库的使用,可以使用这些进行接口请求的发送。但是如何管理接口案例?返回结果如何自动校验?这些内容光靠上面五节是不行的,因此从本节开始我们引入python单元测试框架 unittest,用它来处理批量用例管理,校验返回结果,初始化工作以及测试完成后的环境复原工作等等。

一、单个用例管理起来比较简单,参考如下图,单个用例一般多用在调试的时候:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

二、代码如下:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# 单个用例执行
# 1、导入模块
import unittest

# 2、继承自unittest.TestCase类
class TestOne(unittest.TestCase):
  # 3、配置环境:进行测试前的初始化工作
  def setUp(self):
    print '\ncases before'
    pass

  # 4、定义测试用例,名字以“test”开头
  def test_add(self):
    '''test add method'''
    print 'add...'
    a = 3 + 4
    b = 7
    # 5、定义assert断言,判断测试结果
    self.assertEqual(a, b)

  def test_sub(self):
    '''test sub method'''
    print 'sub...'
    a = 10 - 5
    b = 4
    self.assertEqual(a, b)

  # 6、清理环境
  def tearDown(self):
    print 'case after'
    pass

# 7、该方法会搜索该模块下所有以test开头的测试用例方法,并自动执行它们
if __name__ == '__main__':
  unittest.main()

输出:

Ran 2 tests in 0.001s
OK

cases before
add...
case after

cases before
sub...
case after

Process finished with exit code 0

(8)unittest-生成测试报告:

用例的管理问题解决了后,接下来要考虑的就是报告我问题了,这里生成测试报告主要用到HTMLTestRunner.py 这个模块,下面简单介绍一下如何使用:

一、下载HTMLTestRunner下载:

这个模块不能通过pip安装,只能下载安装,下载地址如下:

python2.x版本:http://tungwaiyip.info/software/HTMLTestRunner.html

python3.x版本:http://hzqldjb.blog.51cto.com/9587820/1590802

二、mac下配置

1、终端进入python环境

2、输入:

import sys
print sys.path

3、找到site-packages文件夹的路径并将下载的HTMLTestRunner.py文件拷贝到此的文件夹下

4、在python环境下,输入 import HTMLTestRunner 不报错即安装成功

三、使用该模块生成报告:

1、目录结构

  • case包下面有baidu,httpbin两个包
  • 每个包下面分别有两个测试的py文件
  • 每个test_00x.py文件里各有2个test case
  • run_all_case.py文件:用来执行所有的test case且生成测试报告

Python接口自动化测试的实现

2、运行后生成报告如下:

Python接口自动化测试的实现

3、run_all_case.py代码如下:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import unittest
import os
import time
import HTMLTestRunner

# 用例路径
case_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd())
# 报告存放路径
report_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'report')
print report_path

def all_case():
  discover = unittest.defaultTestLoader.discover(case_path, pattern="test*.py", top_level_dir=None)

  print discover
  return discover

if __name__ == '__main__':
  # 1、获取当前时间,这样便于下面的使用。
  now = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H_%M_%S", time.localtime(time.time()))

  # 2、html报告文件路径
  report_abspath = os.path.join(report_path, "result_"+now+".html")

  # 3、打开一个文件,将result写入此file中
  fp = open(report_abspath, "wb")
  runner = HTMLTestRunner.HTMLTestRunner(stream=fp,
                      description=u'用例执行情况:')
  # 4、调用add_case函数返回值
  runner.run(all_case())
  fp.close()

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原文链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhengyao9236/p/11122446.html