1.准备两个表
表a:
结构:
mysql> desc a; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | name | varchar(40) | NO | PRI | NULL | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
数据
表b:
结构
mysql> desc b; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | nameB | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | | | ageB | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
数据:
2.进行连接查询测试:
(1)交叉连接(笛卡尔积) cross join
mysql> select * from a,b; #第一种 +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | B1 | 1 | | A1 | 1 | B2 | 22 | | A2 | 2 | B2 | 22 | +------+------+-------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from a cross join b; #第二种 +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | B1 | 1 | | A1 | 1 | B2 | 22 | | A2 | 2 | B2 | 22 | +------+------+-------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select a.*,b.* from a cross join b; #第二种的又一个写法 +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | B1 | 1 | | A1 | 1 | B2 | 22 | | A2 | 2 | B2 | 22 | +------+------+-------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)内连接 join 或 inner join(在笛卡尔积的基础上过滤)
- 显示内连接
(1)不带条件的内连接
mysql> select a.*,b.* from a inner join b on a.age=b.ageb; #第一种 inner join
+------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.*,b.* from a join b on a.age=b.ageb; #第二种 join (默认是inner join) +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三个表的显示内连接:
SELECT a.*, b.*, c.* FROM exampaper a INNER JOIN bigquestion b INNER JOIN exampaperquestion c ON a.paperId = b.paperId AND b.bigQuertionId = c.bigQuertionId
四个表的显示内连接:
SELECT train.trainingSchemaName, train.majorName, train.createTime, tc.*, course.*, type.* FROM trainschemeinfo train JOIN train_course tc ON train.trainingSchemeID = tc.trainningSchemeID INNER JOIN t_course_base_info course ON tc.courseID = course.courseId INNER JOIN coursetypeinfo type ON tc.typeNum = type.typeNum WHERE tc.trainningSchemeID = '661ecb064b164d1ea133956f89beddb7'
与之等价的隐士内连接:
SELECT train.trainingSchemaName, train.majorName, train.createTime, tc.*, course.*, type.* FROM trainschemeinfo train, train_course tc, t_course_base_info course, coursetypeinfo type WHERE train.trainingSchemeID = tc.trainningSchemeID AND tc.courseID = course.courseId AND tc.typeNum = type.typeNum AND tc.trainningSchemeID = '661ecb064b164d1ea133956f89beddb7'
(2)显示内连接带条件
mysql> select a.*,b.* from a join b on a.age=b.ageb having a.name='A1'; #having从查出的数据中挑选满足条件的元祖 +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select a.*,b.* from a join b on a.age=b.ageb where a.name='A1'; #where查询满足条件的元素 +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
- 隐士内连接:
mysql> select * from a,b where a.age=b.ageb; +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from a,b where a.age=b.ageb and a.name='A1'; +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from a,b where a.age=b.ageb having a.name='A1'; +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | +------+------+-------+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
where是从本地磁盘查询满足条件的元素，having是从查出的数据中挑选满足条件的元素。执行权限 where>sum()..聚合函数>having
(3)左外连接:(拿左边的匹配右边的，没有找到右边的为null)
mysql> select * from a left join b on a.age = b.ageb; #第一种 left join +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | NULL | NULL | +------+------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from a left outer join b on a.age = b.ageb; #第二种 left outer join +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | NULL | NULL | +------+------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(4)右外连接:(拿右边的匹配左边的，没有找到左边的为null)
mysql> select * from a right join b on a.age = b.ageb; #第一种 right join +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | NULL | NULL | B2 | 22 | +------+------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from a right outer join b on a.age = b.ageb; #第二种 right outer join +------+------+-------+------+ | name | age | nameB | ageB | +------+------+-------+------+ | A1 | 1 | B1 | 1 | | NULL | NULL | B2 | 22 | +------+------+-------+------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.Union 和 union all 取两个表的并集测试
修改b表，加一条和a表重复的数据
b表数据:
a表数据:
(1) union: 自动去掉重复元素
mysql> select * from a union select * from b; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | A1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | | B1 | 1 | | B2 | 22 | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总结:
union:联合的意思，即把两次或多次查询结果合并起来。
要求：两次查询的列数必须一致
推荐：列的类型可以不一样，但推荐查询的每一列，想对应的类型以一样
可以来自多张表的数据：多次sql语句取出的列名可以不一致，此时以第一个sql语句的列名为准。
如果不同的语句中取出的行，有完全相同(这里表示的是每个列的值都相同)，那么union会将相同的行合并，最终只保留一行。也可以这样理解，union会去掉重复的行。
如果不想去掉重复的行，可以使用union all。
如果子句中有order by,limit，需用括号()包起来。推荐放到所有子句之后，即对最终合并的结果来排序或筛选。
(2) union all 保留重复元素
UNION ALL 命令和 UNION 命令几乎是等效的，不过 UNION ALL 命令会列出所有的值。
mysql> select * from a union all select * from b; +------+------+ | name | age | +------+------+ | A1 | 1 | | A2 | 2 | | B1 | 1 | | B2 | 22 | | A1 | 1 | +------+------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
总结:
UNION 用于合并两个或多个 SELECT 语句的结果集，并消去表中任何重复行。
UNION 内部的 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列，列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。
同时，每条 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同.
默认地，UNION 操作符选取不同的值。如果允许重复的值，请使用 UNION ALL。
当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时（即 UNION ALL），不消除重复行
注意：
1、UNION 结果集中的列名总是等于第一个 SELECT 语句中的列名
2、UNION 内部的 SELECT 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时，每条 SELECT 语句中的列的顺序必须相同