linux内核源码阅读之facebook硬盘加速flashcache之八

时间:2023-11-09 18:15:44
前面我们的分析中重点关注正常的数据流程,这一小节关注如果有异常,那么流程是怎么走完的呢?
1)创建新任务时kcached_job申请不到
2)读写命中时cache块为忙
3)系统关机时处理,系统开机时处理,系统异常掉电后的处理
首先来看第1种情况,申请kcached_job是在函数flashcache_lookup中,
543/*
544 * dbn is the starting sector, io_size is the number of sectors.
545 */
546static int
547flashcache_lookup(struct cache_c *dmc, struct bio *bio, int *index)
548{
549 sector_t dbn = bio->bi_sector;
550#if DMC_DEBUG
551 int io_size = to_sector(bio->bi_size);
552#endif
553 unsigned long set_number = hash_block(dmc, dbn);
554 int invalid, oldest_clean = -1;
555 int start_index;
556
557 start_index = dmc->assoc * set_number;
558 DPRINTK("Cache lookup : dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
559 dbn, io_size, set_number);
560 find_valid_dbn(dmc, dbn, start_index, index);
561 if (*index > 0) {
562 DPRINTK("Cache lookup HIT: Block %llu(%lu): VALID index %d",
563 dbn, io_size, *index);
564 /* We found the exact range of blocks we are looking for */
565 return VALID;
566 }
567 invalid = find_invalid_dbn(dmc, start_index);
568 if (invalid == -1) {
569 /* We didn't find an invalid entry, search for oldest valid entry */
570 find_reclaim_dbn(dmc, start_index, &oldest_clean);
571 }
572 /*
573 * Cache miss :
574 * We can't choose an entry marked INPROG, but choose the oldest
575 * INVALID or the oldest VALID entry.
576 */
577 *index = start_index + dmc->assoc;
578 if (invalid != -1) {
579 DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (INVALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
580 dbn, io_size, set_number, invalid, start_index);
581 *index = invalid;
582 } else if (oldest_clean != -1) {
583 DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (VALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
584 dbn, io_size, set_number, oldest_clean, start_index);
585 *index = oldest_clean;
586 } else {
587 DPRINTK_LITE("Cache read lookup MISS (NOROOM): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
588 dbn, io_size, set_number);
589 }
590 if (*index < (start_index + dmc->assoc))
591 return INVALID;
592 else {
593 dmc->noroom++;
594 return -1;
595 }
596}

直接看返回值有三种情况:valid, invalid, -1

valid 命中,invalid 找到空闲块,-1 没有可用cache块,为什么会没有可用cache块呢?逐一来看代码。
553行,hash_block返回当前dbn所在的集合下标。
557行,start_index为当前集合第1个cache块下标。
560行,在当前集合里查找dbn是否命中,如果命中index返回cache块下标,否则置index=-1。
561行,命中,返回cache块下标。
567行,在当前集合里查找一个可用的cache块,找到返回cache块下标,否则返回-1.
568行,找不到可用的cache块。继续查看可否回收一个cache块。
578行,找到可用cache块。
582行,回收了一个cache块。
590行,不管是找到还是回收的,反正已经有cache块了,返回invalid
594行,没有cache块可用。
回到flashcache_read函数,1234行返回的值为-1,接着到1252行将相交的cache块的置为无效。如果说设置无效也失败的话,那这个请求就不能下发了,因为下发到磁盘之后,后面缓存中cache块往磁盘回写,这块数据就被覆盖了。所以就来到了1255行直接返回-EIO错误。
将相交cache块设置无效之后,来到1264行,尝试先刷一些脏cache块。最后到1267行将数据直接下发到磁盘。
直接下发到磁盘的回调函数是flashcache_uncached_io_callback
1864static void
1865flashcache_uncached_io_callback(unsigned long error, void *context)
1866{
1867 struct kcached_job *job = (struct kcached_job *) context;
1868
1869 VERIFY(job->index == -1);
1870 push_uncached_io_complete(job);
1871 schedule_work(&_kcached_wq);
1872}

_kcached_wq调用到函数flashcache_uncached_io_complete,

1805/*
1806 * We handle uncached IOs ourselves to deal with the problem of out of ordered
1807 * IOs corrupting the cache. Consider the case where we get 2 concurent IOs
1808 * for the same block Write-Read (or a Write-Write). Consider the case where
1809 * the first Write is uncacheable and the second IO is cacheable. If the
1810 * 2 IOs are out-of-ordered below flashcache, then we will cache inconsistent
1811 * data in flashcache (persistently).
1812 *
1813 * We do invalidations before launching uncacheable IOs to disk. But in case
1814 * of out of ordering the invalidations before launching the IOs does not help.
1815 * We need to invalidate after the IO completes.
1816 *
1817 * Doing invalidations after the completion of an uncacheable IO will cause
1818 * any overlapping dirty blocks in the cache to be written out and the IO
1819 * relaunched. If the overlapping blocks are busy, the IO is relaunched to
1820 * disk also (post invalidation). In these 2 cases, we will end up sending
1821 * 2 disk IOs for the block. But this is a rare case.
1822 *
1823 * When 2 IOs for the same block are sent down (by un co-operating processes)
1824 * the storage stack is allowed to re-order the IOs at will. So the applications
1825 * cannot expect any ordering at all.
1826 *
1827 * What we try to avoid here is inconsistencies between disk and the ssd cache.
1828 */

首先看注释。uncached的IO由于其返回顺序无法预测,可能引起cache数据错误。例如,有2个对同一个块并发IO,一个是写,另一个是读。写IO直接下发到磁盘,读IO找到可用的cache块,读先回来而写后回来,读回来时将cache块设置为读出数据,而实际上这个时候该数据已经不是最新的了。

在下发uncached IO时已经将相关cache块设置为invalid。但是如果出现了前面讲了乱序IO下发时invalid是没有用的。因此还需要在IO结束的时候再次invalid cache块。
做invalid cache块将可能触发脏块写回磁盘,然后然发这个IO。如果这个要写的脏块忙,需要等到空闲再发起,然后再次启动这个uncached IO。在这两种情况下,都要发起两次IO,一次是写脏次,一次是重新发uncached IO。
两个IO同时操作同一块数据时(由不相关进程下发),是有可能按任意次序完成的,所以上层应用不能预测其次序。
我们所能做的只是保持缓存和磁盘的一致。
其实上面说了半天,就是用来解释为什么在uncached IO结束的时候也要调用一下1844行的flashcache_inval_blocks。
1829void
1830flashcache_uncached_io_complete(struct kcached_job *job)
1831{
1832 struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
1833 unsigned long flags;
1834 int queued;
1835 int error = job->error;
1836
1837 if (unlikely(error)) {
1838 if (bio_data_dir(job->bio) == WRITE)
1839 dmc->disk_write_errors++;
1840 else
1841 dmc->disk_read_errors++;
1842 }
1843 spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
1844 queued = flashcache_inval_blocks(dmc, job->bio);
1845 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
1846 if (queued) {
1847 if (unlikely(queued < 0))
1848 flashcache_bio_endio(job->bio, -EIO);
1849 /*
1850 * The IO will be re-executed.
1851 * The do_pending logic will re-launch the
1852 * disk IO post-invalidation calling start_uncached_io.
1853 * This should be a rare occurrence though.
1854 * XXX - We should track this.
1855 */
1856 } else {
1857 flashcache_bio_endio(job->bio, error);
1858 }
1859 flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
1860 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
1861 wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
1862}

1837行,uncached IO失败,做下统计。

1846行,看简简单单就一个queued判断,其背后的哲学可真不小。从1847行我们看出queued不仅有可能是小于0的,还有可能是大于0的,等于0的情况下最简单:到1857行返回IO。
先看queued小于0的情况,小于0表示申请pending_job失败,到1848行,返回失败,但这时候悲剧就出现了,就像注释里描述的一样,磁盘的数据是uncached IO写回的数据,但缓存里却是另一份数据。
如果queued大于0,实际上在这个函数里就什么都没做,到1859行释放kcached_job。

但这只是表面现象,就好像看到别人成功很容易,却不曾知道别人在背后下了多少苦功。queued大于0在这里没有做什么事情。但在背后默默努力工作着。所以现实中你看到的都是片面的,你听到的都是不可靠的,就连孔老夫子也曾经感慨说,自己亲眼看到的事情都不一定是事情的真相。所以有一句话叫做谣言止于智者,缺少思考的人只会成为他人利用的对象。所以下一次再看到一篇没有证实的微博、一段评论、一则小道消息时,如果对他人会产生伤害就不要再随意转发了。
为了追踪到queued何时返回大于0,我们跟到flashcache_inval_blocks,再继续跟到flashcache_inval_block_set:
1288/*
1289 * Invalidate any colliding blocks if they are !BUSY and !DIRTY. If the colliding
1290 * block is DIRTY, we need to kick off a write. In both cases, we need to wait
1291 * until the underlying IO is finished, and then proceed with the invalidation.
1292 */
1293static int
1294flashcache_inval_block_set(struct cache_c *dmc, int set, struct bio *bio, int rw,
1295 struct pending_job *pjob)
1296{
1297 sector_t io_start = bio->bi_sector;
1298 sector_t io_end = bio->bi_sector + (to_sector(bio->bi_size) - 1);
1299 int start_index, end_index, i;
1300 struct cacheblock *cacheblk;
1301
1302 start_index = dmc->assoc * set;
1303 end_index = start_index + dmc->assoc;
1304 for (i = start_index ; i < end_index ; i++) {
1305 sector_t start_dbn = dmc->cache[i].dbn;
1306 sector_t end_dbn = start_dbn + dmc->block_size;
1307
1308 cacheblk = &dmc->cache[i];
1309 if (cacheblk->cache_state & INVALID)
1310 continue;
1311 if ((io_start >= start_dbn && io_start < end_dbn) ||
1312 (io_end >= start_dbn && io_end < end_dbn)) {
1313 /* We have a match */
1314 if (rw == WRITE)
1315 dmc->wr_invalidates++;
1316 else
1317 dmc->rd_invalidates++;
1318 if (!(cacheblk->cache_state & (BLOCK_IO_INPROG | DIRTY)) &&
1319 (cacheblk->head == NULL)) {
1320 dmc->cached_blocks--;
1321 DPRINTK("Cache invalidate (!BUSY): Block %llu %lx",
1322 start_dbn, cacheblk->cache_state);
1323 cacheblk->cache_state = INVALID;
1324 continue;
1325 }
1326 /*
1327 * The conflicting block has either IO in progress or is
1328 * Dirty. In all cases, we need to add ourselves to the
1329 * pending queue. Then if the block is dirty, we kick off
1330 * an IO to clean the block.
1331 * Note that if the block is dirty and IO is in progress
1332 * on it, the do_pending handler will clean the block
1333 * and then process the pending queue.
1334 */
1335 flashcache_enq_pending(dmc, bio, i, INVALIDATE, pjob);
1336 if ((cacheblk->cache_state & (DIRTY | BLOCK_IO_INPROG)) == DIRTY) {
1337 /*
1338 * Kick off block write.
1339 * We can't kick off the write under the spinlock.
1340 * Instead, we mark the slot DISKWRITEINPROG, drop
1341 * the spinlock and kick off the write. A block marked
1342 * DISKWRITEINPROG cannot change underneath us.
1343 * to enqueue ourselves onto it's pending queue.
1344 *
1345 * XXX - The dropping of the lock here can be avoided if
1346 * we punt the cleaning of the block to the worker thread,
1347 * at the cost of a context switch.
1348 */
1349 cacheblk->cache_state |= DISKWRITEINPROG;
1350 spin_unlock_irq(&dmc->cache_spin_lock);
1351 flashcache_dirty_writeback(dmc, i); /* Must inc nr_jobs */
1352 spin_lock_irq(&dmc->cache_spin_lock);
1353 }
1354 return 1;
1355 }
1356 }
1357 return 0;
1358}

我们直接找返回大于0的地方就在1354行,再继续往回找是1311行if里面,这个if语句就表示bio跟cache块有交集。
1318行,如果cache块不为脏且不忙的话直接设置invalid,并continue。
接着看1327行注释,冲突块可能是忙或者脏,在这两种情况下,都需要加入pending队列。如果只是脏,立即触发一次写回磁盘。如果同时是脏和忙,那么do_pending处理函数会先将脏块写回然后再继续处理。作者真是费了苦心来写这一大堆注释,但如果没有这些注释,后面在do_pending的处理也确实不大好看懂。
到这里故事还没有结束,因为在1335行插入了一个pending_job,那么这个任务什么时候执行呢?
在flashcache_md_write_done里会看到调用到flashcache_do_pending,
359void
360flashcache_do_pending(struct kcached_job *job)
361{
362 if (job->error)
363 flashcache_do_pending_error(job);
364 else
365 flashcache_do_pending_noerror(job);
366}

362行,IO返回错误,跟进去看看错误处理

262/*
263 * Common error handling for everything.
264 * 1) If the block isn't dirty, invalidate it.
265 * 2) Error all pending IOs that totally or partly overlap this block.
266 * 3) Free the job.
267 */
268static void
269flashcache_do_pending_error(struct kcached_job *job)
270{
271 struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
272 unsigned long flags;
273 struct cacheblock *cacheblk = &dmc->cache[job->index];
274
275 DMERR("flashcache_do_pending_error: error %d block %lu action %d",
276 -job->error, job->disk.sector, job->action);
277 spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
278 VERIFY(cacheblk->cache_state & VALID);
279 /* Invalidate block if possible */
280 if ((cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY) == 0) {
281 dmc->cached_blocks--;
282 dmc->pending_inval++;
283 cacheblk->cache_state &= ~VALID;
284 cacheblk->cache_state |= INVALID;
285 }
286 flashcache_free_pending_jobs(dmc, cacheblk, job->error);
287 cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
288 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
289 flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
290 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
291 wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
292}

如果cache块不为脏,则直接设置为invalid。将pending IO都返回错误,释放kcached_job。

但我们更关心flashcache_do_pending_noerror
294static void
295flashcache_do_pending_noerror(struct kcached_job *job)
296{
297 struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
298 int index = job->index;
299 unsigned long flags;
300 struct pending_job *pending_job;
301 int queued;
302 struct cacheblock *cacheblk = &dmc->cache[index];
303
304 spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
305 if (cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY) {
306 cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
307 cacheblk->cache_state |= DISKWRITEINPROG;
308 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
309 flashcache_dirty_writeback(dmc, index);
310 goto out;
311 }
312 DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: Index %d %lx",
313 index, cacheblk->cache_state);
314 VERIFY(cacheblk->cache_state & VALID);
315 dmc->cached_blocks--;
316 dmc->pending_inval++;
317 cacheblk->cache_state &= ~VALID;
318 cacheblk->cache_state |= INVALID;
319 while (cacheblk->head) {
320 VERIFY(!(cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY));
321 pending_job = cacheblk->head;
322 cacheblk->head = pending_job->next;
323 VERIFY(cacheblk->nr_queued > 0);
324 cacheblk->nr_queued--;
325 if (pending_job->action == INVALIDATE) {
326 DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: INVALIDATE %llu",
327 next_job->bio->bi_sector);
328 VERIFY(pending_job->bio != NULL);
329 queued = flashcache_inval_blocks(dmc, pending_job->bio);
330 if (queued) {
331 if (unlikely(queued < 0)) {
332 /*
333 * Memory allocation failure inside inval_blocks.
334 * Fail this io.
335 */
336 flashcache_bio_endio(pending_job->bio, -EIO);
337 }
338 flashcache_free_pending_job(pending_job);
339 continue;
340 }
341 }
342 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
343 DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: Sending down IO %llu",
344 pending_job->bio->bi_sector);
345 /* Start uncached IO */
346 flashcache_start_uncached_io(dmc, pending_job->bio);
347 flashcache_free_pending_job(pending_job);
348 spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
349 }
350 VERIFY(cacheblk->nr_queued == 0);
351 cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
352 spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
353out:
354 flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
355 if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
356 wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
357}

这个函数分为两部分,第一部分是如果cache块为脏,则下发后立即返回,等待第二次调用,第二次调用才真正到处理pending_job,记得我们在上文中插入的pending_job是INVALIDATE的,那么这里也正如前面注释里所说下发了两次IO,一次是写回脏块,后一次是下发uncached IO。

319行,取出invalid的pending_job
320行,确认非dirty,因为第一次调用的时候已经写回了
325行,if语句成立,
329行,因为cache块已写回,就不脏不忙了,flashcache_inval_blocks只要设置invalid就可以返回成功
346行,下发uncached IO
至此uncached IO之旅告一个段落了。
接下来讲第2种情况读写命中但cache块忙的情况下是怎么处理的。
读写IO在cache块忙的情况下做出的表现是惊人的一致,那就是创建pending_job并挂入cache块队列中。这对我们来说已经是轻车熟路,不过我们这一次要跟踪的是读写IO的情况。经过前面的分析我们知道,pending_job是在flashcache_do_pending_noerror函数中处理的。同样如果为脏块要刷一次脏块,第二次进入到319行循环,由于Action为READCACHE或者WRITECACHE,直接到346行下发uncached IO。第2种情况的处理也就宣告结束了。似乎显得仓促,现实就是这样的,永远别想像电影里那样大起大落,只要你内心够从容,平平淡淡才是真。
第3种情况就留给大家自己分析,如果对这几个小节都已经熟悉,那就已经是小case了。
至此,flashcache源码的分析也就结束了,我也非常高兴能够坚持写完,因为这确实是一个非常耗时间的过程。如果你阅读之后能有所收获,那将是我最大的欢喜了。