配置Nutch模拟浏览器以绕过反爬虫限制

时间：2022-10-19 08:19:38

原文链接：http://yangshangchuan.iteye.com/blog/2030741

当我们配置Nutch抓取 http://yangshangchuan.iteye.com 的时候，抓取的所有页面内容均为：您的访问请求被拒绝 ...... 这是最简单的反爬虫策略（该策略简单地读取HTTP请求头User-Agent的值来判断是人（浏览器）还是机器爬虫），我们只需要简单地配置Nutch来模拟浏览器（simulate web browser）就可以绕过这种限制。

在nutch-default.xml中有项配置是和User-Agent相关的：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.description</name>
  3. <value></value>
  4. <description>Further description of our bot- this text is used in
  5. the User-Agent header.  It appears in parenthesis after the agent name.
  6. </description>
  7. </property>
  8. <property>
  9. <name>http.agent.url</name>
  10. <value></value>
  11. <description>A URL to advertise in the User-Agent header.  This will
  12. appear in parenthesis after the agent name. Custom dictates that this
  13. should be a URL of a page explaining the purpose and behavior of this
  14. crawler.
  15. </description>
  16. </property>
  17. <property>
  18. <name>http.agent.email</name>
  19. <value></value>
  20. <description>An email address to advertise in the HTTP 'From' request
  21. header and User-Agent header. A good practice is to mangle this
  22. address (e.g. 'info at example dot com') to avoid spamming.
  23. </description>
  24. </property>
  25. <property>
  26. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  27. <value></value>
  28. <description>HTTP 'User-Agent' request header. MUST NOT be empty -
  29. please set this to a single word uniquely related to your organization.
  30. NOTE: You should also check other related properties:
  31. http.robots.agents
  32. http.agent.description
  33. http.agent.url
  34. http.agent.email
  35. http.agent.version
  36. and set their values appropriately.
  37. </description>
  38. </property>
  39. <property>
  40. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  41. <value>Nutch-1.7</value>
  42. <description>A version string to advertise in the User-Agent
  43. header.</description>
  44. </property>
<property>

  <name>http.agent.description</name>

  <value></value>

  <description>Further description of our bot- this text is used in

  the User-Agent header.  It appears in parenthesis after the agent name.

  </description>

</property>

<property>

  <name>http.agent.url</name>

  <value></value>

  <description>A URL to advertise in the User-Agent header.  This will

   appear in parenthesis after the agent name. Custom dictates that this

   should be a URL of a page explaining the purpose and behavior of this

   crawler.

  </description>

</property>

<property>

  <name>http.agent.email</name>

  <value></value>

  <description>An email address to advertise in the HTTP 'From' request

   header and User-Agent header. A good practice is to mangle this

   address (e.g. 'info at example dot com') to avoid spamming.

  </description>

</property>

<property>

  <name>http.agent.name</name>

  <value></value>

  <description>HTTP 'User-Agent' request header. MUST NOT be empty -

  please set this to a single word uniquely related to your organization.

  NOTE: You should also check other related properties:

	http.robots.agents

	http.agent.description

	http.agent.url

	http.agent.email

	http.agent.version

  and set their values appropriately.

  </description>

</property>

<property>

  <name>http.agent.version</name>

  <value>Nutch-1.7</value>

  <description>A version string to advertise in the User-Agent

   header.</description>

</property>

在类nutch1.7/src/plugin/lib-http/src/java/org/apache/nutch/protocol/http/api/HttpBase.java中可以看到这项配置是如何构成User-Agent的：

  1. this.userAgent = getAgentString( conf.get("http.agent.name"),
  2. conf.get("http.agent.version"),
  3. conf.get("http.agent.description"),
  4. conf.get("http.agent.url"),
  5. conf.get("http.agent.email") );
this.userAgent = getAgentString( conf.get("http.agent.name"),

        conf.get("http.agent.version"),

        conf.get("http.agent.description"),

        conf.get("http.agent.url"),

        conf.get("http.agent.email") );
  1. private static String getAgentString(String agentName,
  2. String agentVersion,
  3. String agentDesc,
  4. String agentURL,
  5. String agentEmail) {
  6. if ( (agentName == null) || (agentName.trim().length() == 0) ) {
  7. // TODO : NUTCH-258
  8. if (LOGGER.isErrorEnabled()) {
  9. LOGGER.error("No User-Agent string set (http.agent.name)!");
  10. }
  11. }
  12. StringBuffer buf= new StringBuffer();
  13. buf.append(agentName);
  14. if (agentVersion != null) {
  15. buf.append("/");
  16. buf.append(agentVersion);
  17. }
  18. if ( ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0))
  19. || ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))
  20. || ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) ) {
  21. buf.append(" (");
  22. if ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0)) {
  23. buf.append(agentDesc);
  24. if ( (agentURL != null) || (agentEmail != null) )
  25. buf.append("; ");
  26. }
  27. if ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) {
  28. buf.append(agentURL);
  29. if (agentEmail != null)
  30. buf.append("; ");
  31. }
  32. if ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))
  33. buf.append(agentEmail);
  34. buf.append(")");
  35. }
  36. return buf.toString();
  37. }
  private static String getAgentString(String agentName,

                                       String agentVersion,

                                       String agentDesc,

                                       String agentURL,

                                       String agentEmail) {

    if ( (agentName == null) || (agentName.trim().length() == 0) ) {

      // TODO : NUTCH-258

      if (LOGGER.isErrorEnabled()) {

        LOGGER.error("No User-Agent string set (http.agent.name)!");

      }

    }

    StringBuffer buf= new StringBuffer();

    buf.append(agentName);

    if (agentVersion != null) {

      buf.append("/");

      buf.append(agentVersion);

    }

    if ( ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0))

    || ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))

    || ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) ) {

      buf.append(" (");

      if ((agentDesc != null) && (agentDesc.length() != 0)) {

        buf.append(agentDesc);

        if ( (agentURL != null) || (agentEmail != null) )

          buf.append("; ");

      }

      if ((agentURL != null) && (agentURL.length() != 0)) {

        buf.append(agentURL);

        if (agentEmail != null)

          buf.append("; ");

      }

      if ((agentEmail != null) && (agentEmail.length() != 0))

        buf.append(agentEmail);

      buf.append(")");

    }

    return buf.toString();

  }

在类nutch1.7/src/plugin/protocol-http/src/java/org/apache/nutch/protocol/http/HttpResponse.java中使用User-Agent请求头，这里的http.getUserAgent()返回的userAgent就是HttpBase.java中的userAgent：

  1. String userAgent = http.getUserAgent();
  2. if ((userAgent == null) || (userAgent.length() == 0)) {
  3. if (Http.LOG.isErrorEnabled()) { Http.LOG.error("User-agent is not set!"); }
  4. } else {
  5. reqStr.append("User-Agent: ");
  6. reqStr.append(userAgent);
  7. reqStr.append("\r\n");
  8. }
String userAgent = http.getUserAgent();

if ((userAgent == null) || (userAgent.length() == 0)) {

	if (Http.LOG.isErrorEnabled()) { Http.LOG.error("User-agent is not set!"); }

} else {

	reqStr.append("User-Agent: ");

	reqStr.append(userAgent);

	reqStr.append("\r\n");

}

通过上面的分析可知：在nutch-site.xml中只需要增加如下几种配置之一便可以模拟一个特定的浏览器（Imitating a specific browser）：

1、模拟Firefox浏览器：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  3. <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko</value>
  4. </property>
  5. <property>
  6. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  7. <value>20100101 Firefox/27.0</value>
  8. </property>
<property>

	<name>http.agent.name</name>

	<value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:27.0) Gecko</value>

</property>

<property>

	<name>http.agent.version</name>

	<value>20100101 Firefox/27.0</value>

</property>

2、模拟IE浏览器：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  3. <value>Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident</value>
  4. </property>
  5. <property>
  6. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  7. <value>6.0)</value>
  8. </property>
<property>

	<name>http.agent.name</name>

	<value>Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident</value>

</property>

<property>

	<name>http.agent.version</name>

	<value>6.0)</value>

</property>

3、模拟Chrome浏览器：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  3. <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/33.0.1750.117 Safari</value>
  4. </property>
  5. <property>
  6. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  7. <value>537.36</value>
  8. </property>
<property>

	<name>http.agent.name</name>

	<value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/33.0.1750.117 Safari</value>

</property>

<property>

	<name>http.agent.version</name>

	<value>537.36</value>

</property>

4、模拟Safari浏览器：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  3. <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari</value>
  4. </property>
  5. <property>
  6. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  7. <value>534.57.2</value>
  8. </property>
<property>

	<name>http.agent.name</name>

	<value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/534.57.2 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.1.7 Safari</value>

</property>

<property>

	<name>http.agent.version</name>

	<value>534.57.2</value>

</property>

5、模拟Opera浏览器：

  1. <property>
  2. <name>http.agent.name</name>
  3. <value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/32.0.1700.102 Safari/537.36 OPR</value>
  4. </property>
  5. <property>
  6. <name>http.agent.version</name>
  7. <value>19.0.1326.59</value>
  8. </property>
<property>

	<name>http.agent.name</name>

	<value>Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/32.0.1700.102 Safari/537.36 OPR</value>

</property>

<property>

	<name>http.agent.version</name>

	<value>19.0.1326.59</value>

</property>

后记：查看User-Agent的方法：

1、http://www.useragentstring.com

2、http://whatsmyuseragent.com

3、http://www.enhanceie.com/ua.aspx

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