Ex1：按人口计算，中国是世界上最大的国家；按领土面积计算，是第三大国家，仅次于俄罗斯和加拿大。
个人翻译：Accounting on / According to the popularity, China is the largest country in the world; and on the area, it\'s the third largest country, only less than Russia and Canada.
讨论：
- “按..计算”，用according to是不准确的，通常用in terms of来表示“就...来说”、“按...来说”；
- “人口”不是popularity（n. 普及,流行），是population，属于记忆混淆。“领土”得用territorial area。第二个里面的largest country可以不要。“仅次于”用coming only after或者ranking only after。
标准翻译：In terms of population, China is the largest country in the world; and in terms of territorial area, it is the third, ranking only after Russia and Canada.
Ex2：众所周知，中国的自然资源十分丰富，这使得中国具备良好的条件发展工农业。
个人翻译：As we all know, China has aboundant natural resources, which makes it has good condtion to develop industry and agriculture.
讨论：
- “众所周知”可以翻译为it is well known that...，而简化版则是Chia is known to
- “自然资源十分丰富”，我用的是has aboundant resources，而作者推荐的是to be aboundant/ very rich in natural resources，后面的“具备良好的条件”，我用的是has good condition，而作者推荐的是puts her in a good condition，总体而言，把“拥有”、“具备”这种含义的句子用be...in...来表示。
标准翻译：Chna is known to be aboundant in natural resources; this puts her in a good conditon to develop her industry and agriculture.
Ex3：历史记载表明，到16世纪时，中国人已经发明了纸，并且传入了欧洲，使欧洲人大感惊奇。
个人翻译：As it tells by history records, China has invented paper in the 16th century, which is known to Europe and amazing the European people.
讨论：
- “历史记载表明”，推荐用Historical records show，自己没有注意history和historical的区别。
- “到16世纪时”，我用的in the 16th century，作者用by the 16th century。
- “传入欧洲”，用Had it brought to Europe，侧重于别人带，像had my hair cut，理发。
- “使欧洲人大感惊奇”用causing great amazement among the Europeans.注意用的是Eueopeans复数。
标准翻译：Historical records show that by the 16th century, China had already invented paper, and had it brought to Europe, causing great amazement among the Europeans.
Ex4：中国的1800公里长的大运河，建成于公元610年，流经17个城市，是世界上最古老、最长的人工水道。
个人翻译：The China Great Canal River，which lasting 1800 kilomiters and flowing through 17 cities，is built in AD 610 and is the most acient and longest artificial water tunnel in the world.
讨论：
- “大运河”，专有名词，Grand Canal，三个形容语句，1800公里长、建于公元、流经城市。
- “中国的1800公里长的大运河”，采用China\'s 1800-kilometer long Grand Canal。
- “建成于”，用is completed，“公元”是AD，“公元前”是BC，且610在AD之前。
- “世界上”可以用in the world,也可以用world\'s,后者比较简洁。
标准翻译：China\'s 1800-kilomiter long Grand Canal, which was completed in 610 AD and flows through 17 cities, is the world\'s oldest and longest artificial waterway.
Ex5：为了改善环境，中国最大的、人口最密的城市--上海，正在计划建造一座占地300多公顷的森林公园，称为“超级绿肺‘。
个人翻译：In order to improve its environment, the most largest and highest density population city of China, Shanghai is planning to construct a forest park, which located 300 ?? and called the "Super Green Lung" .
讨论：
- 比较级的*，有了most后面就不要est，有了est，就不要most。
- “人口最密的”，采用most populous。
- “占地300多公顷”，spreading out over 300 hectares of land。
- “称为”，用to be known as the ”Super Green Lung“。在书面体中，to be called the ”Lung“不如 to be known as the ”Lung“常见。
标准翻译：In order to better its enviroment, Shanghai, China\'s largest and most populous city, is planning to build a forest park spreading out over 300 hectares of land, to be known as the "Super Green Lung".
Ex6：”园中之园“的圆明园，其建设与修复曾延续150年，经历清朝的五代皇帝。1860年，在第二次鸦片战争期间，曾被英法军队烧成平地；而到1900年，则更进一步为八国联军所毁。
个人翻译：Known as the "Garden in the Gardens", Yuanmingyuan Park\'s construction and improvement have been lasting 150 years, five emperors of Qing dynasty. In 1860 of the Second Opium War, it was burned out by English and French army; and was destroyed further more by Eight Countries Allies in 1900 .
讨论：
- "其建设与修复...经历清朝的..."可以用which作为定语。
- “1860年第二次鸦片战争期间”，自己用的是of，建议用的是 in 1860 during the second Opium War。
- “英法联军”，the British and French Troops,自己的翻译不对；”八国联军“为the allied army of eight powers。
标准翻译：”Garden of Gardens“, Yuan Ming Yuan, which underwent 150 years of construction and renovation under five emperors of the Qing dynasty, was burned down by the British and French troops in 1860 during the second Opium War and then further destroyed by the allied army of eight powers in 1900.
Ex7：长江三角洲区域，占有全国人口的6%，提供全国国内生产总值的1/5以上，所以这一区域的发展，必然对促进中国的经济建设起很大的作用。
个人翻译：The Yangtzi River Triangle Area, which allocated 6% of population of whole country and providing above 1/5 of GDP, its development has a great affection on the economic construction of China.
讨论：
- "所以这一区域的发展"，不要直译为so，可以用as开头的从句。
- “全国人口的6%”，自己用的是两个of，建议用的是6% of China\'s total population; 后面”全国的国内生产总值的1/5“，用的是1/5 of the country\'s total GDP。另外GDP：gross domestic product。前后都有全国，后者省略为the country\'s。
- “提供全国国内生产总值”的提供，应该用contribute，而不能用provide。”促进“用speed up。
标准翻译：As the Yangtze River Delta area takes up 6% of China\'s total population and contributes more than 1/5 of the country\'s total GDP, its development will certainly play a great rold in speeding up China\'s economic construction.
总结：
- 对于多个修饰语，自己习惯用多个of，但其实部分可以用\'s来表示，具体哪个用of哪个用\'s，需要后续学习；
- 专有名词不清楚，如八国联军、三角区域、大运河，需要增大阅读量；
- 要记住几个常见用法：to be known as，be known to be，in terms of，以及表示因果的用as开头的从句；
Ex8：亚马逊河流域具有世界上有名的复杂生态系统，中国的科学家在2004年7月首次来到该地区，进行科学考察研究。
个人翻译：In July of 2004, China\'s scientists came to the The Amazon River basin, where has the most famous complicated economic system, and made science delegation and research for the first time.
讨论：
- "世界上有名的"，个人翻译中，不是最有名的，不能要most，“世界”没有翻译出来，可以用world-famous。
- “亚马逊河流域”，专有名词，the Amazon Basin；复杂的用complex，complicated有难懂的、难以理解的含义。
- 中国的科学家，Chinese scientists, 不是China\'s scientists；
- 生态系统，ecological system，简称ecosystem；
- 调查、考察，通常用investigation或者probe，delegation是代表*和委*的意思。"进行科学研究"翻译为to make scientific probes and studies.
标准翻译：The Amazon Basin has a world-famous, complex ecosystem. Chinese scientists, for the first time, came to this region in July, 2004, to make scientific probes and studies.
Ex9：在华南，春天和初夏是多雨季节，有许多日子会见到倾盆大雨，或者是跟随者台风而来的暴雨。
个人翻译：In Southern China, spring and early summer are more rainy seasons, it meets poured rain usually, even further the heavy storm following with typhoon.
讨论：
- “会见到倾盆大雨”完全不知道该怎么翻译，因为没有主语，自己用的it，这句话的后半部分自己翻译很艰难；推荐的翻译里，直接用了现在进行时的从句，以后这种补充的句式可以考虑使用从句。
- “华南”，South China；
- “多雨”常用的是wet，如wet day、wet weather；
- “在许多日子"，用on many days；
- ”倾盆大雨“用torrential downpours，瓢泼大雨；这个完全没有遇见过，没有办法。
标准翻译：In South China, spring and early summer are wet seasons, with quite a number of days experiencing torrential downpours or rainstorms that accompany typhoons.
Ex10：橡胶原来是南美巴西的产物，在十九世纪下半叶传到别的国家。现在世界上大部分的橡胶，是生产在赤道南北各10°的中间地带上。
个人翻译：Rubber originated from Brazil of South America, which spreaded to other countries in late 19th century. Now, most of rubber in the world are produced in the 10-degree middle zone between south and north equator.
讨论：
- "十九世纪下半页"，网上查到的可以用in the late 19th century，个人翻译的少了the。也可以翻译为in the later/second half of the 19th century；
- 橡胶是不可数名词，"大多数橡胶"用the bulk of rubber in the world，或者the bulk of the world\'s rubber；可数的用the majority of rubber；
- 南美巴西，翻译为Brazil in South America；
标准翻译：Rubber, originally a product of Brazil in South America, spread to other countries in the later half of the 19th century. Now, the bulk of the world\'s rubber is grown between 10° N and 10° S of the equator.
Ex11：另人意料不到的是，硅谷既不是一个富有硅的地方，也不是一个山谷。它之所以得名，仅仅是因为它是一个新兴的、以硅为基础的电子工业的中心。
个人翻译：it is unexpected that, the Silicon Valley is not a place with aboundant silicon, either is a vally. It is a new-born center of electrical industry based on silicon.
讨论：
- "硅谷"只有一个，所以不要the，因为不能说this Silicon Valley或者that Silicon Valley；
- 既不是...又不是，用neither...nor...；
- "它之所以得名"，个人没有翻译，直接无视了。
- "富有硅的地方"，用place abundant of silicon；
- "电子工业"，用electronics industry，不是electronic或者electrical；同样类似的有chemistry lab、automation technique；
标准翻译：Unexpectedly, Silicon Valley is neither a place abundant in silicon nor a moutain valley. It has gained its name simply because it is a new-born center of electronics industry based on silicon.
Ex12：亚洲是最大的洲，在地理上变化最多，其地貌包括巨大的、由沙漠覆盖着的高原，也包括像喜马拉雅山这样的高山，而喜马拉雅山上的珠穆朗玛峰是世界上最高的山峰。
个人翻译：Asia is the largest continent which varing mostly in geography, its land view consists of desert-covered huge high plateau , and high moutain as Ximalaya Moutains, in which Zhumulangma Mountain is the highest moutain in the world.
讨论：
- "地貌"，landforms。"高原"直接用plateau，不用high plateau；
- "包括"，不是组成，所以用including；
- “在地理上变化最多”，可以has the most variations in geography，但最好用is the most geographically diverse/diversified；
标准翻译：Asia, the largest continent, is the most geographically diversified, its landforms including large desert-covered plateaus and such high moutains as the Himalayas, whose Mt. Qumulangma is the tallest in the world.
Ex13：太平洋几乎和其他三个大洋加起来一样大，其最深部分达到海面下10,973米，这个深度甚至超过了喜马拉雅山上世界最高峰的高度。
个人翻译：The Pacific is almost as same large as the total of other three oceans, its deepest part can reach 10973 meter below the surface, which exceeds the height of world\'s highest moutain in Himalayas.
讨论：
- "海面下"，翻译为below sea level；
标准翻译：The Pacific Ocean is almost as large as the other three combined, its deepest part being 10973 meter below sea level--a distance even greater than the height of Earth\'s tallest peak in the Himalayas.
Ex14：所谓岛屿，就是一块四面环水的陆地，地球上有无数的岛屿，从最大的格陵兰到只有几米宽的小点块陆地不等。中国的两个最大的岛屿是*和海南。
个人翻译：The so-called Island is a land surrounding with water. there are large number of islands, from the largest Greenland to several-meter-width small spot land. The largest two islands of China are * and Hainan.
讨论：
- "所谓"，不要直译为so-called，因为有实际上不应当这样叫的含义；
- "四面环水"为are surrounded by water，所以必须用surrounded by water；
标准翻译：An island is land completedly surrounded by water. The earth has countless islands, ranging from Greenland, the largest one, to tiny spots of land that are only a few meters wide. China\'s two largest islands are * and Hainan.