在Oracle数据库中如何找出损坏索引呢？ 下面我们人为构造一个案例，将索引块损坏。如下案例所示：
SQL> create tablespace test_data
2 datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/gsp/test_data_01.dbf'
3 size 200M autoextend off
4 logging
5 segment space management auto
6 extent management local;
Tablespace created.
SQL> create tablespace test_index
2 datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/gsp/test_idx_01.dbf'
3 size 200M autoextend off
4 logging
5 segment space management auto
6 extent management local;
Tablespace created.
SQL> create user kerry
2 identified by 123456
3 default tablespace test_data;
User created.
SQL> grant connect to kerry;
SQL> grant resource to kerry;
上述脚本是创建表空间，创建用户kerry并授权，然后使用kerry账号登录数据库，构造测试数据，在TEST表上创建索引IX_TEST
SQL> show user;
USER is "KERRY"
SQL>
SQL> CREATE TABLE TEST(ID NUMBER(10), NAME VARCHAR2(64));
Table created.
SQL> DECLARE I NUMBER;
2 BEGIN
3 FOR I IN 1..1000 LOOP
4 INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(I, LPAD('T', 60));
5 END LOOP;
6 COMMIT;
7 END;
8 /
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> CREATE INDEX IX_TEST ON KERRY.TEST(NAME) TABLESPACE TEST_INDEX;
Index created.
然后使用下面脚本找到索引段数据库文件ID，以及索引段的第一个块的块号。
SQL> show user;
USER is "SYS"
SQL> col segment_name for a32;
SQL> col header_file for 9999;
SQL> col header_block for 9999;
SQL> select segment_name
2 ,header_file
3 ,header_block
4 ,blocks
5 from dba_segments ds
6 where ds.owner='KERRY' and ds.segment_name='IX_TEST';
SEGMENT_NAME HEADER_FILE HEADER_BLOCK BLOCKS
-------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ----------
IX_TEST 8 130 16
SQL>
构造坏块的方法有不少（例如BBED等），这里我们使用RMAN下面的命令clear,可以标记数据块为corrupt,标记数据文件8中130号数据块为坏块。
[oracle@DB-Server ~]$ rman target /
Recovery Manager: Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on Thu Sep 13 17:41:05 2018
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
connected to target database: GSP (DBID=644393201)
RMAN> recover datafile 8 block 130 clear;
Starting recover at 13-SEP-18
using target database control file instead of recovery catalog
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=12 device type=DISK
Finished recover at 13-SEP-18
RMAN>
那么我们先来看看使用那些方法验证索引损坏了，测试验证一下看看是否可行。
1：使用ANALYZE分析验证索引结构
[oracle@DB-Server ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Thu Sep 13 17:42:03 2018
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
SQL> analyze index kerry.ix_test validate structure;
analyze index kerry.ix_test validate structure
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01578: ORACLE data block corrupted (file # 8, block # 130)
ORA-01110: data file 8: '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/gsp/test_idx_01.dbf'
如上截图所示，如果索引损坏（Corrupt Index），那么使用analyze index validate structure就会报错。要检查整个数据库所有的损坏索引（Corrupt Indexes）的话，就可以借助下面脚本：
spool analy_index.sql
SET PAGESIZE 50000;
SELECT
'ANALYZE INDEX ' || OWNER || '.' || INDEX_NAME|| ' VALIDATE STRUCTURE;' FROM DBA_INDEXES;
spool off;
@analy_index.sql
2：使用系统视图v$database_block_corruption查看损坏索引
如下所示，我们使用这个脚本来查看出现坏块的索引，发现这个脚本无法找出坏块索引。
set pagesize 50 linesize 170
col segment_name format a30
col partition_name format a30
SELECT DISTINCT file#,
segment_name,
segment_type,
tablespace_name,
partition_name
FROM dba_extents a,
v$database_block_corruption b
WHERE a.file_id = b.file#
AND a.block_id <= b.block#
AND a.block_id + a.blocks >= b.block#;
原因分析如下，视图v$database_block_corruption中有坏块记录，但是我们将索引段的第一个块标记为坏块后，在dba_extents中没有该索引段的记录了。所以这种情况下的索引损坏，这个SQL语句根本无法找出坏块索引。
SQL> SELECT file_id,
2 segment_name,
3 segment_type
4 FROM dba_extents
5 WHERE file_id = 8 ;
no rows selected
SQL> SELECT file_id,
2 segment_name,
3 segment_type
4 FROM dba_extents
5 WHERE owner = 'KERRY';
FILE_ID SEGMENT_NAME SEGMENT_TYPE
---------- -------------------------------- ------------------
7 TEST TABLE
7 TEST TABLE
SQL>
因为一个段的第一个区的第一个块是FIRST LEVEL BITMAP BLOCK，第二个块是SECOND LEVEL BITMAP BLOCK，这两个块是用来管理free block的，第三个块是PAGETABLE SEGMENT HEADER，这个块才是segment里的HEADER_BLOCK，再后面的块就是用来记录数据的。关于这些知识，可以参考我博客ORACLE关于段的HEADER_BLOCK的一点浅析。而我们最上面的例子，是将第一个块构造为坏块，所以导致上面SQL无法查出。 我们重新构造案例，如我们将索引段的数据块构造为坏块，例如下面，将块号148人为构造坏块。那么此时这个脚本就能找出坏块索引了。所以综上述实验可以看出，这个脚本查找坏块索引是有条件的，要看索引段损坏的块是什么类型
SQL> SELECT FILE_ID,
2 BLOCK_ID,
3 BLOCKS
FROM DBA_EXTENTS
4 5 WHERE OWNER ='&OWNER'
6 AND SEGMENT_NAME = '&TABLE_NAME';
Enter value for owner: KERRY
old 5: WHERE OWNER ='&OWNER'
new 5: WHERE OWNER ='KERRY'
Enter value for table_name: IX_TEST
old 6: AND SEGMENT_NAME = '&TABLE_NAME'
new 6: AND SEGMENT_NAME = 'IX_TEST'
FILE_ID BLOCK_ID BLOCKS
---------- ---------- ----------
8 144 8
8 152 8
SQL> SELECT HEADER_FILE
2 , HEADER_BLOCK
3 , BYTES
4 , BLOCKS
5 , EXTENTS
FROM DBA_SEGMENTS
6 7 WHERE OWNER='&OWNER' AND SEGMENT_NAME='&SEGMENT_NAME';
Enter value for owner: KERRY
Enter value for segment_name: IX_TEST
old 7: WHERE OWNER='&OWNER' AND SEGMENT_NAME='&SEGMENT_NAME'
new 7: WHERE OWNER='KERRY' AND SEGMENT_NAME='IX_TEST'
HEADER_FILE HEADER_BLOCK BYTES BLOCKS EXTENTS
----------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ----------
8 146 131072 16 2
SQL>
RMAN> recover datafile 8 block 148 clear;
