CMake使用教程

时间:2023-03-08 21:19:50

转自 RichardXG 原文 CMake使用教程

CMake是一个比make更高级的编译配置工具,它可以根据不同平台、不同的编译器,生成相应的Makefile或者vcproj项目。

通过编写CMakeLists.txt,可以控制生成的Makefile,从而控制编译过程。CMake自动生成的Makefile不仅可以通过make命令构建项目生成目标文件,还支持安装(make
install)、测试安装的程序是否能正确执行(make test,或者ctest)、生成当前平台的安装包(make
package)、生成源码包(make
package_source)、产生Dashboard显示数据并上传等高级功能,只要在CMakeLists.txt中简单配置,就可以完成很多复杂的功能,包括写测试用例。
如果有嵌套目录,子目录下可以有自己的CMakeLists.txt。
总之,CMake是一个非常强大的编译自动配置工具,支持各种平台,KDE也是用它编译的,感兴趣的可以试用一下。
准备活动:
(1)安装cmake。
根据自己的需要下载相应的包即可,Windows下可以下载zip压缩的绿色版本,还可以下载源代码。
CMake使用教程
(2)运行cmake的方法。(GUI、命令行)


CMake使用步骤:

运行GUI的cmake界面:

cmake-2.8.1-win32-x86/bin/cmake-gui.exe
CMake使用教程

执行Configure:

运行之后,生成了如下文件:

CMake使用教程

生成Makefile:

执行Generate之后生成如下文件:

CMake使用教程
运行make进行编译:

CMake使用教程
编译完成后,在build目录生成Tutorial.exe,运行Tutorial.exe 25就可以看到运行结果:

CMake使用教程
运行make install安装程序:

CMake使用教程
运行make test进行测试:
CMake使用教程
通过cmake tutorial学习CMake配置方法

http://www.cmake.org/cmake/help/cmake_tutorial.html
可以在源代码的Tests/Turorial目录中找到这个手册对应的代码。
CMake使用教程
1、Step1。
(如果不知道如何使用cmake,以及如何使用编译产生的Turorial.exe,可先看下前面“CMake使用步骤”的说明,它以Step4为例详细介绍了使用过程,Step1的配置可能不够完全,比如无法运行make
install,无法运行make test,但可以参考。)

简单的程序编译。
(1)运行GUI的cmake,指定要编译的源代码路径和二进制文件路径(会自动创建)。
CMake使用教程
(2)点击Configure,配置成功后,再点击Generate。
配置需要选择合适的编译器,虽然我安装了VC2008,但没有配置成功;选择Unix Makefiles,配置成功,它自动找到了DevC++下的gcc.exe等编译器。

CMake使用教程
(3)在build3目录执行make,就能够编译生成Turorial.exe了。

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>make

Linking CXX executable Tutorial.exe

[100%] Built target Tutorial
可以运行一下Turorial.exe:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>Tutorial.exe

Tutorial.exe Version 1.0

Usage: Tutorial.exe number

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step1/build3>Tutorial.exe 4

The square root of 4 is 2

2、Step2

把子目录编译为库,并且链接到最终的可执行文件。

include_directories ("${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/MathFunctions")

add_subdirectory (MathFunctions) # 使得子目录MathFunctions也能被编译

# add the executable

add_executable (Tutorial tutorial.cxx)

target_link_libraries (Tutorial MathFunctions)

产生makefile:

在GUI上点击Configure,之后Generate还是灰色,再次点击Configure,Generate就可以点击了。
编译:
在build目录运行make,即可开始编译,但是开始会报告sh.exe运行异常,应该是Tools下的UnxUtils的sh.exe与Win7不兼容,发现有如下make文件,估计是它导致的,于是把它重命名,不使用UnxUtils下的make,就OK乐。
D:/Tools/CMD/UnxUtils/usr/local/wbin/make.exe
编译过程:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step2/build>make

[ 50%] Building CXX object MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MathFunctions.dir/mysqrt.cxx

.obj

Linking CXX static library libMathFunctions.a

[ 50%] Built target MathFunctions

Linking CXX executable Tutorial.exe

[100%] Built target Tutorial



3、Step3
支持make install把程序安装到系统指定目录,并且运行一些测试检查它是否能够正常工作。
a、安装时使用的基础目录,由CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX指定。
b、可以通过一个很简单的用例检查程序是否运行起来,没有出现异常。(TurotialRuns只是一个用例名字)
add_test (TutorialRuns Tutorial 25)
c、macro方式进行多组数据的测试是非常简洁方便的。
#define a macro to simplify adding tests, then use it

macro (do_test arg result)

add_test (TutorialComp${arg} Tutorial ${arg})

set_tests_properties (TutorialComp${arg}

PROPERTIES PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION ${result})

endmacro (do_test)
# do a bunch of result based tests

do_test (25 "25 is 5")

do_test (-25 "-25 is 0")

执行make install:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make install

[ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"

[100%] "Built target Tutorial"

Install the project...

-- Install configuration: ""

-- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/bin/Tutorial.exe

-- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/include/TutorialConfig.h

-- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/bin/libMathFunctions.a

-- Installing: C:/Program Files/Tutorial/include/MathFunctions.h

安装结果:

C:/Program Files/Tutorial>tree /f

C:.

├─bin

│ libMathFunctions.a

│ Tutorial.exe



└─include

MathFunctions.h

TutorialConfig.h

执行make test:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make test

Running tests...

Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build

Start 1: TutorialRuns

1/5 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 2: TutorialComp25

2/5 Test #2: TutorialComp25 ................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 3: TutorialNegative

3/5 Test #3: TutorialNegative ................. Passed 0.01 sec

Start 4: TutorialSmall

4/5 Test #4: TutorialSmall .................... Passed 0.00 sec

Start 5: TutorialUsage

5/5 Test #5: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.00 sec
100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 5
Total Test time (real) = 0.13 sec

修改一个测试用例,让它不过:

修改顶层CMakeLists.txt,然后重新Configure和Generate,然后make test即可看到结果。

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build>make test

Running tests...

Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step3/build

Start 1: TutorialRuns

1/5 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 2: TutorialComp25

2/5 Test #2: TutorialComp25 ...................***Failed Required regular expre

ssion not found.Regex=[25 is 3

] 0.01 sec

Start 3: TutorialNegative

3/5 Test #3: TutorialNegative ................. Passed 0.01 sec

Start 4: TutorialSmall

4/5 Test #4: TutorialSmall .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 5: TutorialUsage

5/5 Test #5: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.01 sec
80% tests passed, 1 tests failed out of 5
Total Test time (real) = 0.13 sec
The following tests FAILED:

2 - TutorialComp25 (Failed)

Errors while running CTest

make: *** [test] Error 8



4、Step4
检查系统是否支持log和exp函数。(log和exp都是数学运算函数)

检查方法:
(1)顶层配置中使用CheckFunctionExists.cmake

# does this system provide the log and exp functions?

include (CheckFunctionExists.cmake)

check_function_exists (log HAVE_LOG)

check_function_exists (exp HAVE_EXP)

(2)修改.in文件,定义宏。(修改TutorialConfig.h.in,cmake执行中会把宏定义为合适的值,生成TurorialConfig.h,供编译时使用)

// does the platform provide exp and log functions?

#cmakedefine HAVE_LOG

#cmakedefine HAVE_EXP
(3)在代码中使用宏和log函数等。
// if we have both log and exp then use them

#if defined (HAVE_LOG) && defined (HAVE_EXP)

result = exp(log(x)*0.5);

#else // otherwise use an iterative approach
Step4的完整配置、生成Makefile、编译、运行、安装、测试过程,参见最前面的“CMake使用步骤”。


5、Step5
动态生成源文件,自动把源文件编译进系统中。
make的时候出错了:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step5/build>make

Scanning dependencies of target MakeTable

[ 25%] Building CXX object MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/MakeTable.cxx.

obj

Linking CXX executable MakeTable.exe

[ 25%] "Built target MakeTable"

[ 50%] Generating Table.h

'.' 不是内部或外部命令,也不是可运行的程序

或批处理文件。

make[2]: *** [MathFunctions/Table.h] Error 1

make[1]: *** [MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MathFunctions.dir/all] Error 2

make: *** [all] Error 2

问题分析:
首先看build/makefile文件,关于MakeTable有如下规则:
# Build rule for target.

MakeTable: cmake_check_build_system

$(MAKE) -f CMakeFiles/Makefile2 MakeTable

.PHONY : MakeTable

再看Makefile2文件,找到出错时正在编译的目标。
# All Build rule for target.

MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/all:

$(MAKE) -f MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build.make MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/depend

$(MAKE) -f MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build.make MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/build

$(CMAKE_COMMAND) -E cmake_progress_report D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step5/build/CMakeFiles 1

@echo "Built target MakeTable"

.PHONY : MathFunctions/CMakeFiles/MakeTable.dir/all

Make规则的执行顺序是按照命令的先后顺序:
如果Makefile内容如下:
all:

echo "First line."

echo "Second line."

那么make结果:

D:/Users/Desktop>make

echo "First line."

First line.

echo "Second line."

Second line.
由此,Built target MakeTable输出之后才失败的。


6、Step6
生成各种平台Windows/Ubuntu/etc.上的安装包,包括二进制安装包和源码安装包。
可以把依赖的系统库也打包。include (InstallRequiredSystemLibraries)
使用CPack。
由于Step1-7,后面一步的配置都包含了前面一步的配置,所以从Step5开始,就会遇到make的问题。
为了编译通过,可以修改MathFunctions目录下的CMakeLists.txt和mysqrt.cxx,去掉所有对Table.h 的依赖。
运行make package可以生成安装包:
第一次,因为没有安装nsis,提示如下问题:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package

[ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"

[100%] "Built target Tutorial"

Run CPack packaging tool...

CPack Error: Cannot find NSIS registry value. This is usually caused by NSIS not

being installed. Please install NSIS from http://nsis.sourceforge.net

CPack Error: Cannot initialize the generator NSIS

make: *** [package] Error 1
安装NSIS之后,运行成功:

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package

[ 50%] "Built target MathFunctions"

[100%] "Built target Tutorial"

Run CPack packaging tool...

CPack: Create package using NSIS

CPack: Install projects

CPack: - Run preinstall target for: Tutorial

CPack: - Install project: Tutorial

CPack: Compress package

CPack: Finalize package

CPack: Package D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build/T

utorial-1.0.1-win32.exe generated.
生成了如下的Windows安装包文件:

CMake使用教程
安装完成后,还可以很方便的卸载它:

CMake使用教程
运行make package_source可以产生源代码包。(我的电脑上提示找不到合适的zip程序)

D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step6/build>make package_sou

rce

Run CPack packaging tool for source...

CPack Error: Cannot find a suitable ZIP program

CPack Error: Cannot initialize the generator ZIP

make: *** [package_source] Error 1
7、Step7
把结果发布到dashboard。

下面网址是一个公开的dashboard:

http://www.cdash.org/CDash/index.php?project=PublicDashboard

CMake使用教程
dashboard上显示的项目名称通过如下方式设置:

CMake使用教程
需要先把cmake/bin目录加入path中,然后执行ctest -D Experimental。这里遇到了一个错误。
D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step7/build>ctest -D Experim

ental

Site: JELLY-PC2

Build name: Win32-make

Create new tag: 20100521-1833 - Experimental

Configure project

Each . represents 1024 bytes of output

. Size of output: 0K

Build project

Each symbol represents 1024 bytes of output.

'!' represents an error and '*' a warning.

. Size of output: 0K

0 Compiler errors

0 Compiler warnings

Test project D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutorial/Step7/build

Start 1: TutorialRuns

1/9 Test #1: TutorialRuns ..................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 2: TutorialUsage

2/9 Test #2: TutorialUsage .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 3: TutorialComp4

3/9 Test #3: TutorialComp4 .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 4: TutorialComp9

4/9 Test #4: TutorialComp9 .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 5: TutorialComp5

5/9 Test #5: TutorialComp5 .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 6: TutorialComp7

6/9 Test #6: TutorialComp7 .................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 7: TutorialComp25

7/9 Test #7: TutorialComp25 ................... Passed 0.01 sec

Start 8: TutorialComp-25

8/9 Test #8: TutorialComp-25 .................. Passed 0.01 sec

Start 9: TutorialComp0.0001

9/9 Test #9: TutorialComp0.0001 ............... Passed 0.01 sec

100% tests passed, 0 tests failed out of 9

Total Test time (real) = 0.19 sec

Performing coverage

Cannot find any coverage files. Ignoring Coverage request.

Submit files (using http)

Using HTTP submit method

Drop site:http://

Error when uploading file: D:/Projects/Lab/testngpp/cmake-2.8.1/Tests/Tutoria

l/Step7/build/Testing/20100521-1833/Build.xml

Error message was: couldn't connect to host

Problems when submitting via HTTP

Errors while running CTest

产生了如下一些文件:

CMake使用教程