SaltStack入门篇（四）之深入理解SaltStack远程执行

1.目标 
2.执行模块 
3.返回

salt    ‘*’    cmd.run    ‘uptime’
命令    目标    执行模块    执行模块参数

1、SlatStack远程执行–目标

执行目标：https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/topics/targeting/index.html#advanced-targeting-methods

• （1）和Minion ID相关的目标匹配方式

、MinionID匹配
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt 'linux-node1.example.com' service.status sshd
linux-node1.example.com:
    True

、通配符* ? [-]等匹配
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt 'linux*' service.status sshd
linux-node2.example.com:
    True
linux-node1.example.com:
    True
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt 'linux-node?.example.com' service.status sshd
linux-node2.example.com:
    True
linux-node1.example.com:
    True
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt 'linux-node[1-2].example.com' service.status sshd
linux-node2.example.com:
    True
linux-node1.example.com:
    True

、列表匹配
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -L 'linux-node1.example.com,linux-node2.example.com' test.ping
linux-node2.example.com:
    True
linux-node1.example.com:
    True

、正则表达式匹配
[root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -E 'linux-(node1|node2)*' test.ping
linux-node2.example.com:
    True
linux-node1.example.com:
    True

• （2）和Minion无关匹配

  、Grains匹配
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -G 'os:CentOS' test.ping
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True
  
  、子网、IP地址匹配
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -S '192.168.56.0/24' test.ping
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  
  、Pillar匹配
  #这里目标key:value，是在pillar系统中定义
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -I 'apache:httpd' test.ping
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True

• （3）混合匹配（少用）
• （4）Node Groups匹配

  #在master配置文件进行定义node-groups
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
  nodegroups:
    web-group: '[e-mail],linux-node2.example.com'
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -N web-group test.ping
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True

• （5）批处理执行–Batch size

  #先执行1台完成后再执行一台，按比例去执行
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' -b  test.ping
  
  Executing run on ['linux-node2.example.com']
  
  jid:
  
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  retcode:
  
  Executing run on ['linux-node1.example.com']
  
  jid:
  
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True
  retcode:
  
  #按比例匹配执行，好比在重启服务器时，为了不影响业务，可以先重启一部分，再重启后面一部分
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt -G 'os:CentOS' --batch-size % test.ping
  
  Executing run on ['linux-node2.example.com']
  
  jid:
  
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  retcode:
  
  Executing run on ['linux-node1.example.com']
  
  jid:
  
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True
  retcode:
      

2、SlatStack远程执行–执行模块

执行模块：https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/modules/all/index.html#all-salt-modules

3、SlatStack远程执行–返回

返回模块：https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/ref/returners/index.html 
Return组件可以理解为SaltStack系统对执行Minion返回后的数据进行存储或者返回给其他程序，它支持多种存储方式，如MySQL、Redis、ELK、zabbix，通过Return我们可以对SaltStack的每次操作进行记录，对以后的日志审计提供了数据来源。 
Return是在Master端触发任务，然后Minion接受处理任务直接与Return存储服务器建立链接，然后把数据存储到服务器。 
返回是minion直接将命令执行结果写入到MySQL，需要的依赖包：MySQL-python

• （1）SATL.RETURNERS.MYSQL（minion返回MySQL）

  （）所有minion需要安装MySQL-python
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' cmd.run 'yum install -y MySQL-python'
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' pkg.install MySQL-python    #使用pkg模块安装MySQL-python
  
  （）安装mariadb数据库
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# yum install -y mariadb-server
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl start mariadb
  
  （）创建salt库，创建jid、salt_returns、salt_events表，授权
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p
  Enter password:
  MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE  `salt`
      ->   DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8
      ->   DEFAULT COLLATE utf8_general_ci;
  Query OK,  row affected (0.00 sec)
  
  MariaDB [(none)]> USE `salt`;
  Database changed
  
  MariaDB [salt]> CREATE TABLE `jids` (
      ->   `jid` varchar() NOT NULL,
      ->   `load` mediumtext NOT NULL,
      ->   UNIQUE KEY `jid` (`jid`)
      -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
  Query OK,  rows affected (0.00 sec)
  
  MariaDB [salt]> CREATE TABLE `salt_returns` (
      ->   `fun` varchar() NOT NULL,
      ->   `jid` varchar() NOT NULL,
      ->   `return` mediumtext NOT NULL,
      ->   `id` varchar() NOT NULL,
      ->   `success` varchar() NOT NULL,
      ->   `full_ret` mediumtext NOT NULL,
      ->   `alter_time` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      ->   KEY `id` (`id`),
      ->   KEY `jid` (`jid`),
      ->   KEY `fun` (`fun`)
      -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
  Query OK,  rows affected (0.03 sec)
  
  MariaDB [salt]> CREATE TABLE `salt_events` (
      -> `id` BIGINT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
      -> `tag` varchar() NOT NULL,
      -> `data` mediumtext NOT NULL,
      -> `alter_time` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
      -> `master_id` varchar() NOT NULL,
      -> PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
      -> KEY `tag` (`tag`)
      -> ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
  Query OK,  rows affected (0.02 sec)
  
  MariaDB [salt]> show tables;
  +----------------+
  | Tables_in_salt |
  +----------------+
  | jids           |
  | salt_events    |
  | salt_returns   |
  +----------------+
   rows in set (0.00 sec)
  
  MariaDB [salt]> grant all on salt.* to salt@'%' identified by 'salt';
  Query OK,  rows affected (0.00 sec)
  
  （）修改salt-minion,配置MySQL链接
  [root@linux-node2 ~]# vim /etc/salt/minion
  ######      Returner  settings        ######
  ############################################
  mysql.host: '192.168.56.11'
  mysql.user: 'salt'
  mysql.pass: 'salt'
  mysql.db: 'salt'
  mysql.port:
  [root@linux-node2 ~]# systemctl restart salt-minion
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/salt/minion
  ######      Returner  settings        ######
  ############################################
  mysql.host: '192.168.56.11'
  mysql.user: 'salt'
  mysql.pass: 'salt'
  mysql.db: 'salt'
  mysql.port:
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl restart salt-minion
  
  （）测试，并在数据库查看返回结果
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' test.ping --return mysql
  linux-node2.example.com:
      True
  linux-node1.example.com:
      True
  MariaDB [salt]> select * from salt_returns;
  +-----------+----------------------+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
  | fun       | jid                  | return | id                      | success | full_ret                                                                                                                                            | alter_time          |
  +-----------+----------------------+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
  | test.ping |  | true   | linux-node2.example.com |        | {"fun_args": [], "jid": "", "return": true, "retcode": , "success": true, "fun": "test.ping", "id": "linux-node2.example.com"} | -- :: |
  | test.ping |  | true   | linux-node1.example.com |        | {"fun_args": [], "jid": "", "return": true, "retcode": , "success": true, "fun": "test.ping", "id": "linux-node1.example.com"} | -- :: |
  +-----------+----------------------+--------+-------------------------+---------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
   rows in set (0.00 sec)

• 使用salt的job_cache机制将命令写入mysql（常用方法）
• 执行的所有命令都会写入mysql，不用使用return，把cache写在mysql

  [root@linux-node1 ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
  master_job_cache: mysql
  mysql.host: '192.168.56.11'
  mysql.user: 'salt'
  mysql.pass: 'salt'
  mysql.db: 'salt'
  mysql.port:
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' cmd.run 'w'
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "select * from salt.salt_returns;"
  
  #加上-v参数可以看到jid，并且通过jid可以查看运行的结果
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt '*' cmd.run 'uptime' -v
  Executing job with jid
  -------------------------------------------
  
  linux-node2.example.com:
       :: up  days,  :,   users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
  linux-node1.example.com:
       :: up  days,  :,   users,  load average: 0.00, 0.06, 0.18
  [root@linux-node1 ~]# salt-run jobs.lookup_jid
  linux-node1.example.com:
       :: up  days,  :,   users,  load average: 0.00, 0.06, 0.18
  linux-node2.example.com:
       :: up  days,  :,   users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05