用感知机(Perceptron)实现逻辑AND功能的Python3代码

时间:2023-03-09 14:55:18
用感知机(Perceptron)实现逻辑AND功能的Python3代码

之所以写这篇随笔,是因为参考文章(见文尾)中的的代码是Python2的,放到Python3上无法运行,我花了些时间debug,并记录了调试经过。

参考文章中的代码主要有两处不兼容Python3,一个是lambda函数的使用,另一个是map()的使用。

先放我修改调试后的代码和运行结果,再记录调试经过。

源代码:

 #coding=utf-8

 from functools import reduce  # for py3

 class Perceptron(object):
def __init__(self, input_num, activator):
'''
初始化感知器,设置输入参数的个数,以及激活函数。
激活函数的类型为double -> double
'''
self.activator = activator
# 权重向量初始化为0
self.weights = [0.0 for _ in range(input_num)]
# 偏置项初始化为0
self.bias = 0.0
def __str__(self):
'''
打印学习到的权重、偏置项
'''
return 'weights\t:%s\nbias\t:%f\n' % (self.weights, self.bias) def predict(self, input_vec):
'''
输入向量,输出感知器的计算结果
'''
# 把input_vec[x1,x2,x3...]和weights[w1,w2,w3,...]打包在一起
# 变成[(x1,w1),(x2,w2),(x3,w3),...]
# 然后利用map函数计算[x1*w1, x2*w2, x3*w3]
# 最后利用reduce求和 #list1 = list(self.weights)
#print ("predict self.weights:", list1) return self.activator(
reduce(lambda a, b: a + b,
list(map(lambda tp: tp[0] * tp[1], # HateMath修改
zip(input_vec, self.weights)))
, 0.0) + self.bias)
def train(self, input_vecs, labels, iteration, rate):
'''
输入训练数据:一组向量、与每个向量对应的label;以及训练轮数、学习率
'''
for i in range(iteration):
self._one_iteration(input_vecs, labels, rate) def _one_iteration(self, input_vecs, labels, rate):
'''
一次迭代,把所有的训练数据过一遍
'''
# 把输入和输出打包在一起,成为样本的列表[(input_vec, label), ...]
# 而每个训练样本是(input_vec, label)
samples = zip(input_vecs, labels)
# 对每个样本,按照感知器规则更新权重
for (input_vec, label) in samples:
# 计算感知器在当前权重下的输出
output = self.predict(input_vec)
# 更新权重
self._update_weights(input_vec, output, label, rate) def _update_weights(self, input_vec, output, label, rate):
'''
按照感知器规则更新权重
'''
# 把input_vec[x1,x2,x3,...]和weights[w1,w2,w3,...]打包在一起
# 变成[(x1,w1),(x2,w2),(x3,w3),...]
# 然后利用感知器规则更新权重
delta = label - output
self.weights = list(map( lambda tp: tp[1] + rate * delta * tp[0], zip(input_vec, self.weights)) ) # HateMath修改 # 更新bias
self.bias += rate * delta print("_update_weights() -------------")
print("label - output = delta:" ,label, output, delta)
print("weights ", self.weights)
print("bias", self.bias) def f(x):
'''
定义激活函数f
'''
return 1 if x > 0 else 0 def get_training_dataset():
'''
基于and真值表构建训练数据
'''
# 构建训练数据
# 输入向量列表
input_vecs = [[1,1], [0,0], [1,0], [0,1]]
# 期望的输出列表,注意要与输入一一对应
# [1,1] -> 1, [0,0] -> 0, [1,0] -> 0, [0,1] -> 0
labels = [1, 0, 0, 0]
return input_vecs, labels def train_and_perceptron():
'''
使用and真值表训练感知器
'''
# 创建感知器,输入参数个数为2(因为and是二元函数),激活函数为f
p = Perceptron(2, f)
# 训练,迭代10轮, 学习速率为0.1
input_vecs, labels = get_training_dataset()
p.train(input_vecs, labels, 10, 0.1)
#返回训练好的感知器
return p if __name__ == '__main__':
# 训练and感知器
and_perception = train_and_perceptron()
# 打印训练获得的权重 # 测试
print (and_perception)
print ('1 and 1 = %d' % and_perception.predict([1, 1]))
print ('0 and 0 = %d' % and_perception.predict([0, 0]))
print ('1 and 0 = %d' % and_perception.predict([1, 0]))
print ('0 and 1 = %d' % and_perception.predict([0, 1]))

运行输出:

======================== RESTART: F:\桌面\Perceptron.py ========================
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 0 1
weights [0.1, 0.1]
bias 0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.1, 0.1]
bias 0.0
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.0, 0.1]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.0, 0.1]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 0 1
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias 0.0
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias 0.0
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.0, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.0, 0.1]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 0 1
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.1, 0.1]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 0 1
weights [0.2, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.2, 0.2]
bias -0.1
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 1 -1
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 1 1 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
_update_weights() -------------
label - output = delta: 0 0 0
weights [0.1, 0.2]
bias -0.2
weights :[0.1, 0.2]
bias :-0.200000 1 and 1 = 1
0 and 0 = 0
1 and 0 = 0
0 and 1 = 0

可以看到,最后训练出来的权重是 [0.1, 0.2],偏置 -0.2,根据感知机模型得到公式:f(x, y) = 0.1x + 0.2y -0.2

用感知机(Perceptron)实现逻辑AND功能的Python3代码

可以看到是个三维平面,这个平面实现了对样本中4个三维空间点分类。

调试经过:

1. lambda表达式的使用

第38和第70行中,原适用于Python2.7的代码无法正常运行,提示 invalid syntax。貌似是Python3中,在lambda表达式中使用元组的方式和Python2.7不一样。

我改了一下代码,语法问题没有了,可是预测结果不正常。于是就打印map()函数的返回值,试图调试。

2. 打印map()函数返回的对象

参见 https://www.cnblogs.com/lyy-totoro/p/7018597.html 的代码,先转为list再打印。

list1 = list(data)

print(list1)

打印输出表明,训练的值明显不对,到底是哪里的问题?

3. 真相【小】白

https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000000322433

关键句:在Python3中,如果不在map函数前加上list,lambda函数根本就不会执行。

于是加上list,就变成了最终的代码,工作正常。

只是“lambda函数根本就不会执行”这句,我没考证过,所以说真相小白。

 

原文链接:

零基础入门深度学习(1) - 感知器

https://www.zybuluo.com/hanbingtao/note/433855