java:多线程基础之Runnable、Callable与Thread

时间:2023-03-10 05:02:18
java:多线程基础之Runnable、Callable与Thread

java.lang包下有二个非常有用的东西:Runnable接口与Thread类,Thread实现了Runnable接口(可以认为Thread是Runnable的子类),利用它们可以实现最基本的多线程开发。

一、Runnable入门示例

 public class RunnableDemo1 {

     public static void main(String[] args) {
new Runnable() {
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("r1 -> i=" + i);
} }
}.run(); new Runnable() {
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(100);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("r2 -> i=" + i);
}
}
}.run(); } }

代码很简单,每个线程依次输出0-4这5个数字,运行结果:

r1 -> i=0
r1 -> i=1
r1 -> i=2
r1 -> i=3
r1 -> i=4
r2 -> i=0
r2 -> i=1
r2 -> i=2
r2 -> i=3
r2 -> i=4

二、向Runnable传递参数

实际应用中,线程开始处理前,通常会有一些初始参数,如果要传入参数,可以参考下面的方法,先定义一个Runnable的子类

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 public class MyRunnable implements Runnable{

     private String name;
private int max; public MyRunnable(String name,int max){
this.name = name;
this.max = max;
} public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= max; i++) {
try {
Thread.sleep(5);
System.out.println(name + ".i=" + i);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
} }

然后这样使用:

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 public class RunnableDemo2 {

     public static void main(String[] args) {

         new MyRunnable("A", 5).run();

         new MyRunnable("B", 5).run();
} }

运行结果:

A.i=1
A.i=2
A.i=3
A.i=4
A.i=5
B.i=1
B.i=2
B.i=3
B.i=4
B.i=5

三、利用Thread并行处理

刚才的二个例子,相当大家也发现了问题,虽然是有二个线程,但是始终是按顺序执行的,上一个线程处理完成前,下一个线程无法开始,这其实跟同步处理没啥二样,可以通过Thread类改变这种局面:

 public class RunnableDemo3 {

     public static void main(String[] args) {

         Runnable r1 = new MyRunnable("A", 5);
Runnable r2 = new MyRunnable("B", 5); Thread t1 = new Thread(r1);
Thread t2 = new Thread(r2); t1.start();
t2.start(); } }

Thread通过start方法,可以让多个线程并行处理,运行结果如下:

B.i=1
A.i=1
B.i=2
A.i=2
B.i=3
A.i=3
B.i=4
A.i=4
B.i=5
A.i=5

从输出结果上看,二个线程已经在并行处理了。

四、通过在线抢购示例理解资源共享

双十一刚过,每到这个时候,通常是狼多肉少,下面的OrderRunnable类模拟这种抢购情况,假设产品数只有10个,抢购的客户却有100个

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 public class OrderRunnable implements Runnable{

     String taskName;

     public OrderRunnable(String taskName){
this.taskName=taskName;
} private int productNum = 10; private int customerNum = 100; public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < customerNum; i++) {
if (productNum > 0) {
try {
Thread.sleep(50);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(taskName + " -> order success!");
productNum -= 1;
}
} } }

现在想用二个线程来处理:

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 public class RunnableDemo4 {

     public static void main(String[] args) {

         Runnable r1 = new OrderRunnable("A");
Runnable r2 = new OrderRunnable("B"); new Thread(r1).start();
new Thread(r2).start(); } }

运行结果:

A -> order success!
B -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!
A -> order success!
B -> order success!

显然,这个结果不正确,只有10个产品,却生成了20个订单!

正确的做法,让多个Thread共同使用一个Runnable:

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 public class RunnableDemo5 {

     public static void main(String[] args) {

         Runnable r1 = new OrderRunnable("A");        

         new Thread(r1).start();
new Thread(r1).start(); } }

A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!
A -> order success!

五、ThreadPoolExecutor

如果有大量线程,建议使用线程池管理,下面是ThreadPoolExecutor的示例用法:

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; public class RunnableDemo7 { public static void main(String[] args) { ThreadPoolExecutor threadPool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(2, 10, 1,
TimeUnit.SECONDS, new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(3)); for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
threadPool.execute(new MyRunnable("R"+i, 5));
} } }

运行结果:

R5.i=1
R0.i=1
R1.i=1
R5.i=2
R1.i=2
R0.i=2
R5.i=3
R1.i=3
R0.i=3
R5.i=4
R1.i=4
R0.i=4
R5.i=5
R0.i=5
R1.i=5
R2.i=1
R3.i=1
R4.i=1
R2.i=2
R3.i=2
R4.i=2
R2.i=3
R3.i=3
R4.i=3
R2.i=4
R4.i=4
R3.i=4
R2.i=5
R4.i=5
R3.i=5

agapple在ITeye上有一篇旧贴子,写得很好,推荐大家去看看,特别是下面这张图:

java:多线程基础之Runnable、Callable与Thread

还有这篇 http://jiaguwen123.iteye.com/blog/1017636,也值得参考

六、ThreadPoolTaskExecutor
终于轮到我大Spring出场了,Spring框架提供了org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor类,可以用注入的形式生成线程池

 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd"
default-autowire="byName"> <bean id="threadPoolTaskExecutor"
class="org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor">
<property name="corePoolSize" value="2" />
<property name="maxPoolSize" value="10" />
<property name="queueCapacity" value="1000" />
<property name="keepAliveSeconds" value="15" />
<property name="rejectedExecutionHandler">
<bean class="java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$CallerRunsPolicy" />
</property>
</bean> </beans>

配置好以后,就可以直接使用了

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor; public class RunnableDemo8 { @SuppressWarnings("resource")
public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext applicationContext = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext(
"spring.xml");
ThreadPoolTaskExecutor taskExecutor = applicationContext.getBean(
"threadPoolTaskExecutor", ThreadPoolTaskExecutor.class); for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
taskExecutor.execute(new MyRunnable("R" + i, 5));
} } }

七、FutureTask<T>

如果某些线程的处理非常耗时,不希望它阻塞其它线程,可以考虑使用FutureTask,正如字面意义一样,该线程启用后,马上开始,但是处理结果将在"未来"某一时刻,才真正需要,在此之前,其它线程可以继续处理自己的事情

 package com.cnblogs.yjmyzz;

 import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask; public class RunnableDemo9 { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException,
ExecutionException { FutureTask<String> task = new FutureTask<String>(
new Callable<String>() {
public String call() throws InterruptedException {
System.out.println("FutureTask开始处理...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
return "hello world";
}
});
System.out.println("FutureTask准备开始...");
new Thread(task).start();
System.out.println("其它处理开始...");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("其它处理完成...");
System.out.println("FutureTask处理结果:" + task.get());
System.out.println("全部处理完成");
} }

二个注意点:

a) FutureTask使用Callable接口取得返回值,因为结果可能并不需要立刻返回,而是等到未来真正需要的时候,而Runnable并不提供返回值

b) FutureTask通过Thread的start()调用后,马上就开始处理,但并不阻塞后面的线程,在真正需要处理结果的时候,调用get()方法,这时如果FutureTask本身的处理尚未完成,才会阻塞,等待处理完成

刚才的运行结果:

FutureTask准备开始...
FutureTask开始处理...
其它处理开始...
其它处理完成...
FutureTask处理结果:hello world
全部处理完成

可以看到,“其它处理”并未被FutureTask阻塞,但FutureTask其实已经在后台处理了。